COMPARATIVE MATLAB-BASED ANALYSIS OF PI, PID, AI-PI AND AI-PID CONTROLLERS FOR INVERTER DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE UNDER EV PENETRATION VARIATIONS

Abstract

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces important dynamic stability challenges to inverter-based smart grid systems. Rapid EV charging demand variations reduce system damping and increase oscillatory behavior, negatively affecting transient performance. This study presents a comparative MATLAB-based analysis of PI, PID, AI-PI, and AI-PID controllers under different EV penetration levels. The controllers are evaluated using overshoot, settling time, rise time, disturbance rejection, Integral Squared Error (ISE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and control effort metrics. Simulation results show that increasing EV penetration significantly degrades inverter dynamic stability. Although the AI-PI controller improves transient response speed, it produces excessive overshoot under high EV loading conditions. The proposed AI-PID controller achieves the best overall performance by reducing overshoot, improving disturbance rejection capability, and minimizing error indices. The results demonstrate that AI-assisted adaptive PID control can significantly improve inverter robustness and transient stability in EV-integrated smart grids.

Keywords

• Electric vehicles
• AI-PID control
• inverter stability
• adaptive control
• smart grids
• disturbance rejection

EV Penetrasyon Değişimleri Altında İnverter Dinamik Performansı İçin PI, PID, AI-PI ve AI-PID Kontrolörlerinin Karşılaştırmalı MATLAB Tabanlı Analizi

Abstract

Elektrikli araç (EV) penetrasyonunun artması, inverter tabanlı akıllı şebeke sistemlerinde önemli dinamik kararlılık problemleri oluşturmaktadır. Hızlı EV şarj talebi değişimleri sistem sönümünü azaltmakta ve osilasyon davranışını artırarak geçici rejim performansını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı EV penetrasyon seviyeleri altında PI, PID, AI-PI ve AI-PID kontrolörlerinin karşılaştırmalı MATLAB tabanlı analizi sunulmuştur. Kontrolörler aşım, yerleşme zamanı, yükselme zamanı, bozucu etki bastırma yeteneği, Integral Squared Error (ISE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) ve kontrol eforu kriterleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Benzetim sonuçları, EV penetrasyonu arttıkça inverter dinamik kararlılığının önemli ölçüde bozulduğunu göstermektedir. AI-PI kontrolörü geçici rejim hızını artırmasına rağmen yüksek EV yük koşullarında aşırı aşım üretmektedir. Önerilen AI-PID kontrolörü ise aşımı azaltarak, bozucu etki bastırma performansını geliştirerek ve hata indislerini minimize ederek en iyi genel performansı sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar, yapay zekâ destekli adaptif PID kontrolünün EV entegreli akıllı şebekelerde inverter dayanıklılığını ve geçici rejim kararlılığını önemli ölçüde artırabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Elektrikli araçlar
• AI-PID kontrolü
• inverter kararlılığı
• adaptif kontrol
• akıllı şebekeler
• bozucu etki bastırma

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