Evaluation of Sun Protection Factor of Northern Iraqi Propolis

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 57 - 61, 26.09.2024

Adnan Ayna , Farhan Nerway

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1481246

Abstract

One of the main risk factors for skin cancer and photoaging is excessive sun exposure combined with a lack of sun protection. Incorporating natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents into sunscreens and taking natural antioxidant extracts orally are two recent photoprotection approaches. Propolis and its plant precursors have the potential to be used as active components in pharmaceutical and skin care products that mitigate the effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Thus far, no research has been carried out on the photoprotective effects of Northern Iraqi propolis. Ethanol and water extracts of propolis are used in this work because of its potential sun protection factor. This investigation aimed to assess the sun protection factor of Northern Iraqi propolis collected from Erbil, Mosul and Sulaymaniyah. The sun protection factor of propolis extracts were assessed using the methods of Mansur. According to the findings, the extracts' sun protection factor varied from 5.1 to 17.9. The Musol propolis ethanol extract had the greatest sun protection factor at a concentration of 20 ppm (17.9). At 0.5 ppm (5.1), the Erbil water extract had the lowest sun protection factor. Overall, it was noticed that the sun protection factor value of the propolis ethanolic extract was higher than the water extract for each concentration studied.

Keywords

Propolis, sun protection factor, ethanol extract, photoaging, antioxidant

Project Number

BAP-FBE.2022.002

References

• Belmehdi, O., El Menyiy, N., Bouyahya, A., El Baaboua, A., El Omari, N., Gallo, M., ... & Abrini, J. (2023). Recent advances in the chemical composition and biological activities of propolis. Food Reviews International, 39(9), 6078-6128.
• Ayna, A., Tunc, A., Özbolat, S. N., Bengü, A. Ş., Aykutoğlu, G., Canli, D., ... & Darendelioğlu, E. (2021). Anticancer, and antioxidant activities of royal jelly on HT-29 colon cancer cells andmelissopalynological analysis. Turkish Journal of Botany, 45(8), 809-819.
• Bengü, A. Ş., Ayna, A., Özbolat, S., Tunç, A., Aykutoğlu, G., Çiftci, M., & Darendelioğlu, E. (2020). Content and antimicrobial activities of bingol royal jelly. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 480-486.
• Bava, R., Castagna, F., Musella, V., Lupia, C., Palma, E., & Britti, D. (2023). Therapeutic Use of Bee venom and potential applications in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Sciences, 10(2), 119.
• Page, M. L., & Williams, N. M. (2023). Honey bee introductions displace native bees and decrease pollination of a native wildflower. Ecology, 104(2), e3939.
• Shehata, M. G., Ahmad, F. T., Badr, A. N., Masry, S. H., & El-Sohaimy, S. A. (2020). Chemical analysis, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of propolis from different geographic regions. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 65(2), 209-217.
• Stojanović, S. T., Najman, S. J., Popov, B. B., & Najman, S. S. (2020). Propolis: chemical composition, biological and pharmacological activity–a review. Acta Medica Medianae, 59(2).
• Dezmirean, D. S., Paşca, C., Moise, A. R., & Bobiş, O. (2020). Plant sources responsible for the chemical composition and main bioactive properties of poplar-type propolis. Plants, 10(1), 22.
• Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Plutino, M., Lucini, L., Aromolo, R., Martinelli, E., ... & Pignatti, G. (2021). Bee products: A representation of biodiversity, sustainability, and health. Life, 11(9), 970.
• Chavda, V. P., Chaudhari, A. Z., Teli, D., Balar, P., & Vora, L. (2023). Propolis and their active constituents for chronic diseases. Biomedicines, 11(2), 259.
• Popova, M., Trusheva, B., & Bankova, V. (2021). Chemistry and Applications of Propolis. In Gums, Resins and Latexes of Plant Origin: Chemistry, Biological Activities and Uses (pp. 1-33). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Vechtomova, Y. L., Telegina, T. A., Buglak, A. A., & Kritsky, M. S. (2021). UV radiation in DNA damage and repair involving DNA-photolyases and cryptochromes. Biomedicines, 9(11), 1564.
• Farris, P. K., & Valacchi, G. (2022). Ultraviolet light protection: is it really enough?. Antioxidants, 11(8), 1484.
• Boo, Y. C. (2020). Emerging strategies to protect the skin from ultraviolet rays using plant-derived materials. Antioxidants, 9(7), 637.
• Salian, A., Dutta, S., & Mandal, S. (2021). A roadmap to UV-protective natural resources: Classification, characteristics, and applications. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 5(21), 7696-7723.
• Karapetsas, A., Voulgaridou, G. P., Konialis, M., Tsochantaridis, I., Kynigopoulos, S., Lambropoulou, M., ... & Pappa, A. (2019). Propolis extracts inhibit UV-induced photodamage in human experimental in vitro skin models. Antioxidants, 8(5), 125.
• Mansur, J. D. S., Breder, M. N., Mansur, M. C., & Azulay, R. D. (1986). Determination of sun protection factor by spectrophotometry. An Bras Dermatol, 61(3), 121-124.
• Dwivedi, A., Tripathi, A. K., Singh, J., & Pal, M. K. (2018). Ultraviolet radiation (UVR): An introduction. Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection, 1-8.
• Hoisington, R. D., Whiteside, M., & Herndon, J. M. (2023). Unequivocal detection of solar ultraviolet radiation 250-300 nm (UV-C) at Earth’s surface. European Journal of Applied Sciences–Vol, 11(2).
• Sumali, S. M. (2023). A comparative study of UVA and UVB radiation: Mechanisms of DNA damage and repair. Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science, 17(2), 239-243.
• Robinson, J., Begum, R., & Maqbool, M. (2023). Ultraviolet Radiation: Benefits, Harms, Protection. An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation, 2, 62.
• Serpone, N. (2021). Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades?. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 20, 189-244.
• Schalka, S., & Reis, V. M. S. D. (2011). Sun protection factor: meaning and controversies. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia, 86, 507-515.
• Benson, H. A. (2007). Sunscreens: efficacy, skin penetration, and toxicological aspects. In Dermatologic, Cosmeceutic, and Cosmetic Development (pp. 433-450). CRC Press.
• Fu, Y., Wan, R., Yang, L., Xiong, L., Hu, J., Tang, J., ... & Li, Y. (2022). Propolis inspired sunscreens for efficient UV-protection and skin barrier maintenance. Nano Research, 15(9), 8237-8246.
• Batista, C. M., Alves, A. V. F., Queiroz, L. A., Lima, B. S., Araújo, A. A. S., de Albuquerque Júnior, R. L. C., & Cardoso, J. C. (2018). The photoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of red propolis extract in rats. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 180, 198-207.
• Kim, D. H., Auh, J. H., Oh, J., Hong, S., Choi, S., Shin, E. J., ... & Byun, S. (2020). Propolis suppresses UV-induced photoaging in human skin through directly targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Nutrients, 12(12), 3790.
• Stanciauskaite, M., Marksa, M., Rimkiene, L., & Ramanauskiene, K. (2022). Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Activity of Lithuanian Propolis and Its Plant Precursors. Plants, 11(24), 3558.
• Batista, C. M., Alves, A. V. F., Queiroz, L. A., Lima, B. S., Araújo, A. A. S., de Albuquerque Júnior, R. L. C., & Cardoso, J. C. (2018). The photoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of red propolis extract in rats. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 180, 198-207.
• Almeida, W. A. D. S., Sousa, L. R. D., dos Santos Antunes, A., de Azevedo, A. S., do Nascimento, A. M., Amparo, T. R., ... & dos Santos, V. M. R. (2020). Green propolis: In vitro photoprotective and photostability studies of single and incorporated extracts in a sunscreen formulation. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 30(3), 436-443.
• Valverde, T. M., Soares, B. N. G. D. S., Nascimento, A. M. D., Andrade, Â. L., Sousa, L. R. D., Vieira, P. M. D. A., ... & Santos, V. M. R. D. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and photoprotective investigation of red propolis extract as sunscreen formulation in polawax cream. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), 5112.