Cascade control of single input multi output buck converter for synchronous charging applications of battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 103 - 116, 26.03.2025

Muhammed Reşit Çorapsız

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1579309

Abstract

In the near future, seeing more than one energy storage device in mobile device power systems will be possible. Although Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells in today's technology stand out with their high energy density and superior cell voltage advantages, they suffer from limited cycle lives. When high-power density ultracapacitors (UC) are combined with battery cells, a highly efficient hybrid power system can be created. However, since the cell voltages and power densities of these two energy storage devices are not equal, both the charge voltages and charge currents will be different from each other. This study proposes a single-input, multi-output cascade buck converter structure to charge battery and ultracapacitor cells synchronously. Converter parameters are calculated according to the charge powers of energy storage devices, and a cascade controller structure is designed for separate control of charge currents and cell voltages. The proposed synchronous charging system is tested using two different procedures: continuous current (CC) mode, where reference currents are closely monitored, and continuous voltage (CV) mode, where the charge voltage is limited. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the proposed system closely followed the reference currents in a short time of 6ms with a slight overshoot rate of approximately 8% in all tests.

Keywords

Li-ion batteries, Ultracapacitor, Hybrid energy storage systems, Cascade control of synchronous buck converter, Synchronous charger

References

• Emrani A and Berrada A, A comprehensive review on techno-economic assessment of hybrid energy storage systems integrated with renewable energy, Journal of Energy Storage. 2024; 84, 111010.
• Kaan M, Bozkurt A, Genç M S, and Genç G, Optimization study of an energy storage system supplied solar and wind energy sources for green campus, Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2024; 190, 863-872.
• Zhu Z et al., Versatile carbon-based materials from biomass for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems, eScience. 2024; 4, 5, 100249.
• Tian J, Fan Y, Pan T, Zhang X, Yin J, and Zhang Q, A critical review on inconsistency mechanism, evaluation methods and improvement measures for lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2024; 189, 113978.
• Nivolianiti E, Karnavas Y L, and Charpentier J-F, Energy management of shipboard microgrids integrating energy storage systems: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2024; 189, 114012.
• Robles-Campos H R, Valderrabano-Gonzalez A, Rosas-Caro J C, Gabbar H A, and Babaiahgari B, Double Dual High Step-Up Power Converter with Reduced Stored Energy, Energies. 2023; 16, 7, 3194.
• Çorapsiz M R, PV-fed multi-output buck converter-based renewable energy storage system with extended current control for lifetime extension of Li-ion batteries, Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2024; 120, 109757.
• Çorapsız M R and Kahveci H, Double adaptive power allocation strategy in electric vehicles with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system, International Journal of Energy Research. 2022; 46, 13, 18819-18838.
• Uswarman R, Munawar K, Ramli M A M, and Mehedi I M, Bus Voltage Stabilization of a Sustainable Photovoltaic-Fed DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Storage Systems, Sustainability. 2024; 16, 6, 2307.
• Çorapsiz M R and Kahveci H, A study on Li-ion battery and supercapacitor design for hybrid energy storage systems, Energy Storage. 2023; 5, 1, e386.
• Chakraborty S, Hasan M M, Worighi I, Hegazy O, and Razzak M A, Performance Evaluation of a PID-Controlled Synchronous Buck Converter Based Battery Charging Controller for Solar-Powered Lighting System in a Fishing Trawler, Energies. 2018; 11, 10, 2722.
• López-Santos O et al., Robust Control for a Battery Charger Using a Quadratic Buck Converter, IEEE Access. 2024; 12, 125480-125492.
• Florescu A, Bacha S, Munteanu I, Bratcu A I, and Rumeau A, Adaptive frequency-separation-based energy management system for electric vehicles, Journal of Power Sources. 2015; 280, 410-421.
• Yılmaz M, Kaleli A, and Çorapsız M F, Machine learning based dynamic super twisting sliding mode controller for increase speed and accuracy of MPPT using real-time data under PSCs, Renewable Energy. 2023; 219, 119470.
• Kushwaha R and Singh B, A Power Quality Improved EV Charger With Bridgeless Cuk Converter, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019; 55, 5, 5190-5203.
• Singh K, Anand A, Mishra A K, Singh B, and Sahay K, SEPIC Converter for Solar PV Array Fed Battery Charging in DC Homes, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B. 2021; 102, 3, 455-463.
• Acosta L N and Flexer V, Accelerated charging protocols for lithium-ion batteries: Are fast chargers really convenient?, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2024; 28, 3, 1107-1119.
• Wu Y et al., Adaptive power allocation using artificial potential field with compensator for hybrid energy storage systems in electric vehicles, Applied Energy. 2020; 257, 113983.
• Raut K, Shendge A, Chaudhari J, Lamba R, and Alshammari N F, Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic powered battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles, Journal of Energy Storage. 2024; 82, 110324.
• Shen Y, Xie J, He T, Yao L, and Xiao Y, CEEMD-Fuzzy Control Energy Management of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2024; 39, 1, 555-566.
• Reddy R M, Das M, and Chauhan N, Novel Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Wide Ambient Temperature Electric Vehicles Operation, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2023; 70, 7, 2580-2584.
• Snoussi J, Elghali S B, Benbouzid M, and Mimouni M F, Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage Systems Using Frequency-Separation-Based Energy Management for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2018; 67, 10, 9337-9346.
• Zuo W, Li R, Zhou C, Li Y, Xia J, and Liu J, Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices: Recent Progress and Future Prospects, Advanced Science. 2017; 4, 7, 1600539.
• Watanabe S, Kinoshita M, Hosokawa T, Morigaki K, and Nakura K, Capacity fading of LiAlyNi1−x−yCoxO2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries during accelerated calendar and cycle life tests (effect of depth of discharge in charge–discharge cycling on the suppression of the micro-crack generation of LiAlyNi1−x−yCoxO2 particle), Journal of Power Sources. 2014; 260, 50-56.
• Trovão J P, Silva M A, and Dubois M R, Coupled energy management algorithm for MESS in urban EV, IET Electrical Systems in Transportation. 2017; 7, 2, 125-134.
• Castaings A, Lhomme W, Trigui R, and Bouscayrol A, Comparison of energy management strategies of a battery/supercapacitors system for electric vehicle under real-time constraints, Applied Energy. 2016; 163, 190-200.
• Usman Tahir M, Sangwongwanich A, Stroe D-I, and Blaabjerg F, Overview of multi-stage charging strategies for Li-ion batteries, Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2023; 84, 228-241.
• Saxena S, Le Floch C, MacDonald J, and Moura S, Quantifying EV battery end-of-life through analysis of travel needs with vehicle powertrain models, Journal of Power Sources. 2015; 282, 265-276.
• Roy P and Srivastava S K, Nanostructured anode materials for lithium ion batteries, Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2015; 3, 6, 2454-2484.
• Lu Y, Zhang Q, Li F, and Chen J, Emerging Lithiated Organic Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Full Batteries, Angewandte Chemie. 2023; 135, 7, e202216047.
• Campagna N et al., Battery Models for Battery Powered Applications: A Comparative Study, Energies. 2020; 13, 16, 4085.
• URL-1, ORION 18650P/25 2500mAh 10C. https://static.ticimax.cloud/37661/uploads/dosyalar/orion18650p250010.pdf (accessed 31.10.2024).
• Miller J R and Simon P, Electrochemical Capacitors for Energy Management, Science. 2008; 321, 5889, 651-652.
• Drummond R, Huang C, Grant P S, and Duncan S R, Overcoming diffusion limitations in supercapacitors using layered electrodes, Journal of Power Sources. 2019; 433, 126579.
• González A, Goikolea E, Barrena J A, and Mysyk R, Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 58, 1189-1206.
• Zubieta L and Bonert R, Characterization of double-layer capacitors for power electronics applications, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2000; 36, 1, 199-205.
• URL-2, Maxwell Ultracapacitor Cell. https://maxwell.com/products/ultracapacitors/cells/ (accessed 10.01.2025).
• Sani S G, Banaei M R, and Hosseini S H, Investigation and implementation of a common ground DC-DC buck converter with a novel control method for loss reduction in the converter, IET Power Electronics. 2024; 17, 14, 1840-1851.
• Kim H C, Biswas M, and Park J W, Discontinuous Conduction Mode Analysis of Two-Phase Interleaved Buck Converter With Inversely Coupled Inductor, IEEE Access. 2024; 12, 91944-91956.
• He L, Wang X, and Lee C-K, A Study and Implementation of Inductive Power Transfer System Using Hybrid Control Strategy for CC-CV Battery Charging, Sustainability. 2023; 15, 4, 3606.
• Zhang S S, Identifying rate limitation and a guide to design of fast-charging Li-ion battery, InfoMat. 2020; 2, 5, 942-949.
• Kollimalla S K, Ukil A, Gooi H B, Manandhar U, and Tummuru N R, Optimization of Charge/Discharge Rates of a Battery Using a Two-Stage Rate-Limit Control, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2017; 8, 2, 516-529.
• Argyrou M C, Marouchos C C, Kalogirou S A, and Christodoulides P, Modeling a residential grid-connected PV system with battery–supercapacitor storage: Control design and stability analysis, Energy Reports. 2021; 7, 4988-5002.
• Hong X, Wu J-F, and Wei C-L, 98.1%-Efficiency Hysteretic-Current-Mode Noninverting Buck–Boost DC-DC Converter With Smooth Mode Transition, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2017; 32, 2008-2017.