Assessment of Mobil Device Usage Duration and Lifelong Learning Tendencies Among Medical School Students
Year 2024,
Volume: 23 Issue: 71, 24 - 36
İbrahim Uysal
,
Temel Ertuğral
,
Mustafa Onur Yurdal
,
Murat Tekin
Abstract
Background: In the present day, where scientific knowledge in the field of healthcare accumulates progressively, it is essential for healthcare professionals to regularly update their knowledge and skills. Despite our awareness of the need for continuous professional development, less is known about how medical school students experience and perceive lifelong learning, which is an integral part of continuous professional education. The aim of this study was to determine the mobil device usage duration and lifelong learning tendencies of medical school students and evaluate the relationship between them.
Methods: Within the scope of the research, data were collected from 751 students who were studying at the Faculty of Medicine and voluntarily participated in the study. The data collection instruments included the lifelong learning tendencies scale and survey questions related to demographic variables, such as the time participants spend on personal development in social networks, online/offline gaming, and social media. SPSS version 25 software was used for data analysis. Descriptive analyses were conducted to provide information about the general characteristics of the groups. Differences between scale scores and total scores of sub-dimensions were compared with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in terms of other variables.
Results: In the research, the average score for lifelong learning tendencies of medical school students was calculated as 96.88 ± 18.09. Based on the obtained average scores, it was observed that the lifelong learning tendency levels of medical school students were at a moderate level. In terms of motivation and perseverance dimensions, it was determined that females had higher scores compared to males and this was statistically significant. According to the research, the participating students spend an average of 3.76±2.19 hours per day on social media, an average of 1.12±1.71 hours on online/ offline games and an average of 2.46±0.90 hours on web pages and mobile networks for personal development. It was seen that female students spent more time on social networks compared to males (p < 0.001, Z: 4.250), and male students spent more time on online/offline games compared to females (p < 0.001, Z: 9.761). There was no significant difference (p > 0.005) found between the time spent on websites for personal development and the variables of gender and term. However, it was understood that those who spent no time on web pages for personal development had lower scores compared to those who spent other times in terms of their lifelong learning tendencies.
Conculusion: The data obtained regarding the lifelong learning and mobil device usage duration of medical school students can provide a foundation for enhancing medical students' lifelong learning orientations and planning more effectively. Medical school students should be given the opportunity to take responsibility for keeping up with the rapidly changing technological and scientific knowledge in the field of medicine. Their learning motivations should be increased, and they should be guided on how to learn, especially on how to access current scientific sources online.
Ethical Statement
Ethical approval was received from institution, Scientific Research Ethics Committee toÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (Decision number / Decision Date: 21-29 / 01.12.2022).
Supporting Institution
The authors did not receive any financial support for the research, authorship or publication of this research.
Thanks
We would like to thank all Medical Students who participated in the research.
References
- REFERENCES
1. McAdams CD, McNally MM. Continuing medical education and lifelong learning. Surgical Clinics. 2021;101(4):703-715.
- 2. Tıp Fakültesi- Ulusal Çekirdek Eğitim Programı 2020. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2020;19(57):1-14.
- 3. Carlson ER. Lifelong learning: A higher order of consciousness and a construct for faculty development. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;77(10):1967.e1.
- 4. Sachdeva AK, Blair PG, Lupi LK. Education and training to address specific needs during the career progression of surgeons. Surgical Clinics. 2016;96(1):115-128.
- 5. Brandt K. From residency to lifelong learning. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(8):2287-2288.
- 6. Deci EL, Ryan RM, editors. Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester (NY): University Rochester Press; 2004.
- 7. van der Burgt SM, Kusurkar RA, Wilschut JA, Tsoi SLTA, Croiset G, Peerdeman SM. Motivational profiles and motivation for lifelong learning of medical specialists. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2018;38(3):171-178.
- 8. Silva H, Bühler FR, Maillet B. et al. Continuing medical education and professional development in the European Union. Pharmaceutical Medicine. 2012;26:223–233.
- 9. Davies DA, Thomson MA, Oxman AD, Haynes RB. Changing physician performance: a systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA. 1995;274:700-705.
- 10. Choudhry NK, Fletcher RH, Soumerai SB. Systematic review: the relationship between clinical experience and quality of health care. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142:260-273.
- 11. Van den Goor MMPG, Wagner CC, Lombarts KMJMH. Poor physicians performance in the Netherlands: characteristics, causes, and prevalence. J Patient Saf. 2020;16(1):7-13.
- 12. Davis N, Davis D, Bloch R. Continuing medical education: AMEE Education Guide No 35. Medical Teacher. 2008;30(7):652-666.
- 13. Karsenti T, Charlin B. Information and communication technologies in medical education and practice: the major challenges. International Journal of Technologies in Higher Education. 2008;5(2):68-81.
- 14. Ikenwilo D, Skåtun D. Perceived need and barriers to continuing professional development among doctors. Health Policy. 2014;117:195–202.
- 15. Lowe MM, Aparicio A, Galbraith R, Dorman T, Dellert E. The future of continuing medical education: effectiveness of continuing medical education. Chest. 2009;135:69–75.
- 16. Tjin a tsoi SLN, de Boer A, Croiset G, Koster A, Kusurkar RA. Factors influencing participation in continuing professional development: a focus on motivation among pharmacists. J Contin Educ Health. 2016;36(3):144–150.
- 17. Baumann SL. The limitations of evidenced-based practice. Nurs Sci Q. 2010;23(3):226–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318410371833.
- 18. Brekelmans G, Poell RF, van Wijk K. Factors influencing continuing professional development: A Delphi study among nursing experts. European Journal of Training and Development. 2013;37(3):313–325.
- 19. Govranos M, Newton JM. Exploring ward nurses’ perceptions of continuing education in clinical settings. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(4):655–660.
- 20. Sezer B, Onan A, Elçin M. Sürekli tıp eğitiminde bilişim teknolojileri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Educ-Special Topics. 2016;1(3):1-6.
- 21. Tolunay Oflu A, Bükülmez A. Tıp Öğrencilerinde Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Uyku Problemleri Arasındaki İlişki. Kocatepe Medical Journal. 2022;23:140-145.
- 22. Tangmunkongvorakul A, Musumari PM, Thongpibul K, et al. Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLoS One. 2019;14(1): e0210294. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210294.
- 23. Anshari M, Almunawar MN, Shahrill M, Wicaksono DK, Huda M. Smartphones usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference? Education and Information Technologies. 2017;22(6),1-17.
- 24. Karataş E. A Case Study on the Positive Effects of Smartphone Usage in Postgraduate Education. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education. 2018;7(2):607-635.
- 25. Coşkun YD, Demirel M. Üniversite Öğrencilerin Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimleri. Hacettepe Eğitim Dergisi. 2012;42:108–120.
- 26. Arslan ŞF, Sarıkaya Ö, Vatansever K. Yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimi ölçeğinin tıp eğitimi alanı için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2016;47:38-46.
- 27. Gagné M, Forest J, Gilbert MH, Aubé C, Morin E, Malorni A. The Motivation at Work Scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2010;70:628–646. doi:10.1177/0013164409355698.
- 28. Çivilidağ A, Şekercioğlu G. Çok boyutlu iş motivasyonu ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities. 2017;7(1):143-156.
- 29. Dikmen Y, Yuvacı HU, Erol F. The investigation of lifelong learning tendencies in medical faculty students Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences. 2017;14(3):2399-2408.
- 30. Arslan Y. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi (Master's thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ). 2018.
- 31. Güçlü S, Elem E, Unutkan A, Öztürk S. Genç yetişkinlerin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi. 2023;7(1):32-41.
- 32. Gayef A, Alptürk Ç. Lifelong learning tendencies of faculty of medicine students. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14(2):391-397.
- 33. Öz E. The impact of gender differences on lifelong learning tendencies in Turkey: a meta-analysis. SAGE Open. 2022;12(2):21582440221.
- 34. Ayçiçek B, Karafil B. Investigation of University students' lifelong learning tendencies in terms of various variables. African Educational Research Journal. 2021;9(1):121-133.
- 35. Ruiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM. The impact of e-learning in medical education. Acad Med. 2006;81:207–212.
- 36. Cook DA, Levinson AJ, Garside S, et al. Internet-based learning in the health professions: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1181–1119.
- 37. Fletcher SW. Chairman’s summary of the conference. In: Hager M, editor. Continuing education in the health professions: improving healthcare through lifelong learning. Bermuda, New York: Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 2008.
- 38. Balhara YPS, Gupta R, Atilola O. et all. Problematic internet use and its correlates among students from three medical schools across three countries. Acad Psychiatry. 2015;39:634–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0379-9.
- 39. Sayili U, Pirdal BZ, Kara B. et all. Internet addiction and social media addiction in medical faculty students: prevalence, related factors, and association with life satisfaction. J Community Health. 2023;48:189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-022-01153-w.
- 40. Yang Q, Wu Z, Yang X, Jiang S, Wu D, Oliffe JL. Associations between uncertainty stress, life stress and internet addiction among medical students. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;9:1-6.809484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.809484.
- 41. Chaudhari B, Menon P, Saldanha D, Tewari A, Bhattacharya L. Internet addiction and its determinants among medical students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2015;24(2):158–162. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.181729.
- 42. Babenko O, Daniels LM, Ross S, White J, Oswald A. Medical student well-being and lifelong learning a motivational perspective. Education for Health. 2019;32(1):25-32.
- 43. Aktay S, Hamzaçebi G, Kara, H. Eğitimde akıllı telefon uygulaması kullanımı. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 22(1): 542-570.
- 44. Shaw CM, Tan SA. Integration of Mobile Technology in Educational Materials Improves Participation: Creation of a Novel Smartphone Application for Resident Education. Journal of Surgical Education. 2015; 72(4):670-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.01.015.
- 45. Wu Q. Designing a smartphone app to teach English (L2) vocabulary. Computers & Education. 2015; 85: 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.02.013.
- 46. Hughes JK, Kearney P. Impact of an iDevice application on student learning in an occupational therapy kinesiology course. mHealth; 2017;3(43):1-6.
Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Mobil Cihaz Kullanım Süreleri ve Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2024,
Volume: 23 Issue: 71, 24 - 36
İbrahim Uysal
,
Temel Ertuğral
,
Mustafa Onur Yurdal
,
Murat Tekin
Abstract
Amaç: Sağlık alanında bilimsel bilginin kümülatif olarak giderek arttığı günümüzde sağlık profesyonellerinin bilgi ve becerilerini düzenli olarak güncellemeleri gerekir. Bu açıdan sürekli mesleki gelişime olan ihtiyacı bilmemize rağmen, tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin sürekli mesleki eğitimin bir parçası olan yaşam boyu öğrenmeyi nasıl deneyimledikleri ve algıladıkları hakkında daha az şey bilinmektedir. Yapılan çalışmada, Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin akıllı cihaz kullanım süreleri ve yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi ve aralarındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırma kapsamında Tıp fakültesinde öğrenim gören ve araştırmaya katılımda gönüllü olan 751 öğrenciden veri toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracında, yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ölçeği, öğrencilerin gün içerisinde sosyal medya, çevrimiçi / çevrimdışı oyunlar ve kişisel gelişim için mobil ağlarda geçirdikleri ortalama süreler gibi demografik değişkenler anketi yer almıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS versiyon 25 programı kullanıldı. Gruplarının genel özellikleri hakkında bilgi vermek amacı ile tanımlayıcı analizler yapıldı. Ölçek skorları ve alt boyutlarına ait toplam puanlar arasındaki farklılıklar ile diğer özellikler açısından birbirleriyle Kruskal Wallis ve Mann-Whitney U testi ile karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Araştırmada tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilim puan ortalaması 96.88±18.09 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen puan ortalamalarına göre tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimi düzeylerinin orta düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Motivasyon ve sebat alt boyutlarında kadınların erkeklere göre daha yüksek puana sahip olduğu ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcı öğrenciler günde ortalama 3,76±2,19 saatini sosyal medyada, ortalama 1,12±1,71 saatini çevrimiçi/çevrimdışı oyunlarda ve ortalama 2,46±0,90 saatini kişisel amaçlı web sayfalarında geçirmektedir. Kadın öğrencilerin erkeklere göre daha fazla sosyal ağlarda zaman geçirdiği (p<0.001, Z: 4.250) ve erkek öğrencilerin kadınlara göre çevrim içi/dışı oyunlar için daha fazla zaman geçirdikleri (p<0.001, Z: 9.761) belirlenmiştir. Kişisel gelişim için web sayfalarında geçirilen zaman ile cinsiyet ve dönem değişkenleri arasında anlamlı farklılık olmadığı (p>0.005) belirlenmiştir. Kişisel gelişimleri için web sayfalarında geçirdikleri zaman grupları ile yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri arasında ise hiç zaman geçirmeyenlerin diğer zaman geçirenlere göre daha düşük puana sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ve akıllı cihaz kullanımları ile ilgili elde edilen veriler tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme yönelimlerini arttırabilmek ve daha etkili bir şekilde planlamak için bir temel sağlayabilir. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin hızla gelişen tıp alanındaki teknolojik ve bilimsel bilgi değişikliklerinin takibinde sorumluluk almalarına fırsat vermeli, öğrenme motivasyonları arttırılmalı ve öğrencilere nasıl öğreneceklerini konusunda, özellikle güncel bilimsel kaynaklara internet üzerinden nasıl ulaşacaklarına dair rehberlik edilmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan etik onay alındı (Karar numarası/Karar Tarihi: 21-29/01.12.2022).
Supporting Institution
Yazarlar bu araştırmanın araştırılması, yazarlığı veya yayınlanması için herhangi bir mali destek almamıştır.
Thanks
Araştırmaya katılan tüm Tıp Öğrencilerine teşekkür ederiz.
References
- REFERENCES
1. McAdams CD, McNally MM. Continuing medical education and lifelong learning. Surgical Clinics. 2021;101(4):703-715.
- 2. Tıp Fakültesi- Ulusal Çekirdek Eğitim Programı 2020. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2020;19(57):1-14.
- 3. Carlson ER. Lifelong learning: A higher order of consciousness and a construct for faculty development. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;77(10):1967.e1.
- 4. Sachdeva AK, Blair PG, Lupi LK. Education and training to address specific needs during the career progression of surgeons. Surgical Clinics. 2016;96(1):115-128.
- 5. Brandt K. From residency to lifelong learning. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(8):2287-2288.
- 6. Deci EL, Ryan RM, editors. Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester (NY): University Rochester Press; 2004.
- 7. van der Burgt SM, Kusurkar RA, Wilschut JA, Tsoi SLTA, Croiset G, Peerdeman SM. Motivational profiles and motivation for lifelong learning of medical specialists. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2018;38(3):171-178.
- 8. Silva H, Bühler FR, Maillet B. et al. Continuing medical education and professional development in the European Union. Pharmaceutical Medicine. 2012;26:223–233.
- 9. Davies DA, Thomson MA, Oxman AD, Haynes RB. Changing physician performance: a systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA. 1995;274:700-705.
- 10. Choudhry NK, Fletcher RH, Soumerai SB. Systematic review: the relationship between clinical experience and quality of health care. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142:260-273.
- 11. Van den Goor MMPG, Wagner CC, Lombarts KMJMH. Poor physicians performance in the Netherlands: characteristics, causes, and prevalence. J Patient Saf. 2020;16(1):7-13.
- 12. Davis N, Davis D, Bloch R. Continuing medical education: AMEE Education Guide No 35. Medical Teacher. 2008;30(7):652-666.
- 13. Karsenti T, Charlin B. Information and communication technologies in medical education and practice: the major challenges. International Journal of Technologies in Higher Education. 2008;5(2):68-81.
- 14. Ikenwilo D, Skåtun D. Perceived need and barriers to continuing professional development among doctors. Health Policy. 2014;117:195–202.
- 15. Lowe MM, Aparicio A, Galbraith R, Dorman T, Dellert E. The future of continuing medical education: effectiveness of continuing medical education. Chest. 2009;135:69–75.
- 16. Tjin a tsoi SLN, de Boer A, Croiset G, Koster A, Kusurkar RA. Factors influencing participation in continuing professional development: a focus on motivation among pharmacists. J Contin Educ Health. 2016;36(3):144–150.
- 17. Baumann SL. The limitations of evidenced-based practice. Nurs Sci Q. 2010;23(3):226–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318410371833.
- 18. Brekelmans G, Poell RF, van Wijk K. Factors influencing continuing professional development: A Delphi study among nursing experts. European Journal of Training and Development. 2013;37(3):313–325.
- 19. Govranos M, Newton JM. Exploring ward nurses’ perceptions of continuing education in clinical settings. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(4):655–660.
- 20. Sezer B, Onan A, Elçin M. Sürekli tıp eğitiminde bilişim teknolojileri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Educ-Special Topics. 2016;1(3):1-6.
- 21. Tolunay Oflu A, Bükülmez A. Tıp Öğrencilerinde Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Uyku Problemleri Arasındaki İlişki. Kocatepe Medical Journal. 2022;23:140-145.
- 22. Tangmunkongvorakul A, Musumari PM, Thongpibul K, et al. Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLoS One. 2019;14(1): e0210294. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210294.
- 23. Anshari M, Almunawar MN, Shahrill M, Wicaksono DK, Huda M. Smartphones usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference? Education and Information Technologies. 2017;22(6),1-17.
- 24. Karataş E. A Case Study on the Positive Effects of Smartphone Usage in Postgraduate Education. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education. 2018;7(2):607-635.
- 25. Coşkun YD, Demirel M. Üniversite Öğrencilerin Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimleri. Hacettepe Eğitim Dergisi. 2012;42:108–120.
- 26. Arslan ŞF, Sarıkaya Ö, Vatansever K. Yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimi ölçeğinin tıp eğitimi alanı için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2016;47:38-46.
- 27. Gagné M, Forest J, Gilbert MH, Aubé C, Morin E, Malorni A. The Motivation at Work Scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2010;70:628–646. doi:10.1177/0013164409355698.
- 28. Çivilidağ A, Şekercioğlu G. Çok boyutlu iş motivasyonu ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities. 2017;7(1):143-156.
- 29. Dikmen Y, Yuvacı HU, Erol F. The investigation of lifelong learning tendencies in medical faculty students Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences. 2017;14(3):2399-2408.
- 30. Arslan Y. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi (Master's thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ). 2018.
- 31. Güçlü S, Elem E, Unutkan A, Öztürk S. Genç yetişkinlerin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi. 2023;7(1):32-41.
- 32. Gayef A, Alptürk Ç. Lifelong learning tendencies of faculty of medicine students. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14(2):391-397.
- 33. Öz E. The impact of gender differences on lifelong learning tendencies in Turkey: a meta-analysis. SAGE Open. 2022;12(2):21582440221.
- 34. Ayçiçek B, Karafil B. Investigation of University students' lifelong learning tendencies in terms of various variables. African Educational Research Journal. 2021;9(1):121-133.
- 35. Ruiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM. The impact of e-learning in medical education. Acad Med. 2006;81:207–212.
- 36. Cook DA, Levinson AJ, Garside S, et al. Internet-based learning in the health professions: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1181–1119.
- 37. Fletcher SW. Chairman’s summary of the conference. In: Hager M, editor. Continuing education in the health professions: improving healthcare through lifelong learning. Bermuda, New York: Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 2008.
- 38. Balhara YPS, Gupta R, Atilola O. et all. Problematic internet use and its correlates among students from three medical schools across three countries. Acad Psychiatry. 2015;39:634–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0379-9.
- 39. Sayili U, Pirdal BZ, Kara B. et all. Internet addiction and social media addiction in medical faculty students: prevalence, related factors, and association with life satisfaction. J Community Health. 2023;48:189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-022-01153-w.
- 40. Yang Q, Wu Z, Yang X, Jiang S, Wu D, Oliffe JL. Associations between uncertainty stress, life stress and internet addiction among medical students. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;9:1-6.809484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.809484.
- 41. Chaudhari B, Menon P, Saldanha D, Tewari A, Bhattacharya L. Internet addiction and its determinants among medical students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2015;24(2):158–162. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.181729.
- 42. Babenko O, Daniels LM, Ross S, White J, Oswald A. Medical student well-being and lifelong learning a motivational perspective. Education for Health. 2019;32(1):25-32.
- 43. Aktay S, Hamzaçebi G, Kara, H. Eğitimde akıllı telefon uygulaması kullanımı. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 22(1): 542-570.
- 44. Shaw CM, Tan SA. Integration of Mobile Technology in Educational Materials Improves Participation: Creation of a Novel Smartphone Application for Resident Education. Journal of Surgical Education. 2015; 72(4):670-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.01.015.
- 45. Wu Q. Designing a smartphone app to teach English (L2) vocabulary. Computers & Education. 2015; 85: 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.02.013.
- 46. Hughes JK, Kearney P. Impact of an iDevice application on student learning in an occupational therapy kinesiology course. mHealth; 2017;3(43):1-6.