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Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 6, 10315 - 10337, 01.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.430536

Abstract

This research discusses the chloride diffusivity of concrete as well as corrosion performance of rebars in cracked and uncracked states. Prismatic concrete specimens with two water-to-cement ratios, two concrete cover thicknesses with and without steel fibers were used. Three-point flexural loading was applied to form cracks and cracks were sustained by a bolt system. Half-cell potential and corrosion rate measurements were carried out following wetting - drying cycles in chloride environment which were continued for 80 weeks. The positive effects of lower water-to-cement ratio and greater cover depth were found to be surpassed by existence of cracks in concrete.

References

  • [1] Rodriguez O.G., Hooton R.D., Influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 100(2), 120-126, 2003.
  • [2] Win P.P., Watanabe M., Machida A., Penetration profile of chloride ion in cracked reinforced concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1073-1079, 2004.
  • [3] Marsavina L., Audenaert K., Schutter G.D., Faur N. and Marsavina D., Experimental and numerical determination of the chloride penetration in cracked concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 23, 264-274, 2009.
  • [4] Gowripalan N., Sirivivatnanon V. and Lim C., Chloride diffusivity of concrete cracked in flexure, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 725-730, 2000.
  • [5] Schiessl P., Raupach M., Laboratory studies and calculations on the influence of crack width on chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 94(1), 56-62, 1997.
  • [6] Song H.W., Lee C.H., Ann. K.Y., Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments, Cement Concrete Composites, 30, 113-121, 2008.
  • [7] Boulfiza M., Sakai K., Banthia N., Yoshida H., Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and cracked concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 100(1), 38-48, 2003.
  • [8] Aldea C. M., Shah S. P., Karr A., Permeability of cracked concrete, Materials and Structures, 32, 370-376, 1999.
  • [9] Djerbi A., Bonnet S., Khelidj A., Baroghel-bouny, V., Influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38, 877-883, 2008.
  • [10] Wang K., Jansen D.C., Shah S.P., Karr A.F., Permeability study of cracked concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 27, 381-393, 1997.
  • [11] Sahmaran M., Effect of flexure induced transverse crack and self-healing on chloride diffusivity of reinforced mortar, Journal of Materials Science, 42, 9131-9136, 2007.
  • [12] Wang H., Lu C., Jin W., Bai Y., (2001) Effect of external loads on chloride transport in concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(7), 1043-1099, 2011.
  • [13] Papa N.F., Yinghua Y., Bo D., Effects of crack width on chloride penetration and performance deterioration of RC columns with sustained eccentric compressive load, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(2), 637-646, 2018.
  • [14] Chunhua L, Jinmu Y, Hui L, Ronggui L., Experimental studies on chloride penetration and steel corrosion in cracked concrete beams under drying-wetting cycles, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(9), 2017:04017114.
  • [15] Beeby A., Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete and its relation to cracking, Structural Engineer Part A, 56A(3), 77-81, 1978.
  • [16] Arya C. and Ofori-Darko F.K., Influence of crack frequency on reinforcement corrosion in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 26(3), 345-353, 1996.
  • [17] Mohammed T.U., Otsuki N., Hamada H., Oxygen permeability in cracked concrete reinforced with plain and deformed bars, Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 829-834, 2001.
  • [18] Mohammed T.U., Otsuki N., Hisada M., Shibata T., Effect of crack width and bar types on corrosion of steel in concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13, 194-201, 2001.
  • [19] Ye H., Jin N., Jin X. and Fu C., Model of chloride penetration into cracked concrete subject to drying-wetting cycles, Construction and Building Materials, 36, 259-269, 2012.
  • [20] Otieno M, Beushausen H, Alexander M., Towards incorporating the influence of cover cracking on steel corrosion in RC design codes: the concept of performance-based crack width limits, Materials and Structures, 45, 1805-1816, 2012.
  • [21] Berrocal C.G., Löfgren I., Lundgren K, Tang L, Corrosion initiation in cracked fiber reinforced concrete: Influence of crack width, fiber type and loading conditions, Corrosion Science, 98, 128-139, 2015.
  • [22] Zafar I, Sugiyama T, The influence of bending crack on rebar corrosion in fly ash concrete subjected to different exposure conditions under static loading, Construction and Building Materials, 160, 293-307, 2018.
  • [23] Yongsheng J, Yijie H, Lingle Z, Zhongzheng B, Laboratory studies on influence of transverse cracking on chloride induced corrosion rate in concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 69, 28-37, 2016.
  • [24] Sangoju B, Gettu R, Bharatkumar B.H, Neelamegam M, Chloride induced corrosion of steel in cracked OPC and PPC concretes: Experimental study, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(7), 1057-1066, 2011.
  • [25] Granju J.L., Balouch S.U., Corrosion of steel fiber reinforced concrete from the cracks, ACI Materials Journal, 35, 572-577, 2005.
  • [26] Berrocal C.G., Lundgren K., Lofgren I., Influence of steel fibers on corrosion of reinforcement in concrete in chloride environments: A review, Fiber Concrete 2013, Prague, Czech Republic, Sept. 12-13, 2013.
  • [27] Hay R, Ostertag C.P, Influence of transverse cracks and interfacial damage on corrosion of steel in concrete with and without fiber hybridization, Corrosion Science, 153, 213-224, 2019.
  • [28] ACI Committee 224R., Control of cracking in concrete structures, ACI 224-01, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 2001.
  • [29] ACI Committee 318, (2008) Building code requirements for reinforced concrete, ACI 318-08, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 2008.
  • [30] Bentur A., Diamond S., Berke N.S., Steel corrosion in concrete: Fundamentals and civil engineering practice, E & FN Spon, London, United Kingdom, 1997.
  • [31] Baah P., Cracking behavior of structural slab bridge decks, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Akron, Ohio, 2014.
  • [32] ASTM Standard C39/C39M, Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA., 2014.
  • [33] ASTM Standard C876, Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
  • [34] ASTM Standard C1556. Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixtures by bulk diffusion, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA., 2017.
  • [35] ASTM Standard C1152., Standard test method for acid-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.,2012
  • [36] ASTM Standard G3, Standard practice for conventions applicable to electrochemical measurements in corrosion testing, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017
  • [37] Frolund T., Klinghoffer O., Poulsen E., Rebar corrosion rate measurements for service life estimates, ACI Fall Convention, Toronto, Canada, 2000.
  • [38] Gerard B., Marchand J., Influence of cracking on the diffusion properties of cement-based materials Part I: Influence of continuous cracks on the steady-state regime, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 37-43, 2000.

Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 6, 10315 - 10337, 01.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.430536

Abstract

This research discusses the chloride diffusivity of concrete as well as corrosion performance of rebars in cracked and uncracked states. Prismatic concrete specimens with two water-to-cement ratios, two concrete cover thicknesses with and without steel fibers were used. Three-point flexural loading was applied to form cracks and cracks were sustained by a bolt system. Half-cell potential and corrosion rate measurements were carried out following wetting - drying cycles in chloride environment which were continued for 80 weeks. The positive effects of lower water-to-cement ratio and greater cover depth were found to be surpassed by existence of cracks in concrete.

References

  • [1] Rodriguez O.G., Hooton R.D., Influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 100(2), 120-126, 2003.
  • [2] Win P.P., Watanabe M., Machida A., Penetration profile of chloride ion in cracked reinforced concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1073-1079, 2004.
  • [3] Marsavina L., Audenaert K., Schutter G.D., Faur N. and Marsavina D., Experimental and numerical determination of the chloride penetration in cracked concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 23, 264-274, 2009.
  • [4] Gowripalan N., Sirivivatnanon V. and Lim C., Chloride diffusivity of concrete cracked in flexure, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 725-730, 2000.
  • [5] Schiessl P., Raupach M., Laboratory studies and calculations on the influence of crack width on chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 94(1), 56-62, 1997.
  • [6] Song H.W., Lee C.H., Ann. K.Y., Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments, Cement Concrete Composites, 30, 113-121, 2008.
  • [7] Boulfiza M., Sakai K., Banthia N., Yoshida H., Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and cracked concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 100(1), 38-48, 2003.
  • [8] Aldea C. M., Shah S. P., Karr A., Permeability of cracked concrete, Materials and Structures, 32, 370-376, 1999.
  • [9] Djerbi A., Bonnet S., Khelidj A., Baroghel-bouny, V., Influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38, 877-883, 2008.
  • [10] Wang K., Jansen D.C., Shah S.P., Karr A.F., Permeability study of cracked concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 27, 381-393, 1997.
  • [11] Sahmaran M., Effect of flexure induced transverse crack and self-healing on chloride diffusivity of reinforced mortar, Journal of Materials Science, 42, 9131-9136, 2007.
  • [12] Wang H., Lu C., Jin W., Bai Y., (2001) Effect of external loads on chloride transport in concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(7), 1043-1099, 2011.
  • [13] Papa N.F., Yinghua Y., Bo D., Effects of crack width on chloride penetration and performance deterioration of RC columns with sustained eccentric compressive load, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(2), 637-646, 2018.
  • [14] Chunhua L, Jinmu Y, Hui L, Ronggui L., Experimental studies on chloride penetration and steel corrosion in cracked concrete beams under drying-wetting cycles, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(9), 2017:04017114.
  • [15] Beeby A., Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete and its relation to cracking, Structural Engineer Part A, 56A(3), 77-81, 1978.
  • [16] Arya C. and Ofori-Darko F.K., Influence of crack frequency on reinforcement corrosion in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 26(3), 345-353, 1996.
  • [17] Mohammed T.U., Otsuki N., Hamada H., Oxygen permeability in cracked concrete reinforced with plain and deformed bars, Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 829-834, 2001.
  • [18] Mohammed T.U., Otsuki N., Hisada M., Shibata T., Effect of crack width and bar types on corrosion of steel in concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13, 194-201, 2001.
  • [19] Ye H., Jin N., Jin X. and Fu C., Model of chloride penetration into cracked concrete subject to drying-wetting cycles, Construction and Building Materials, 36, 259-269, 2012.
  • [20] Otieno M, Beushausen H, Alexander M., Towards incorporating the influence of cover cracking on steel corrosion in RC design codes: the concept of performance-based crack width limits, Materials and Structures, 45, 1805-1816, 2012.
  • [21] Berrocal C.G., Löfgren I., Lundgren K, Tang L, Corrosion initiation in cracked fiber reinforced concrete: Influence of crack width, fiber type and loading conditions, Corrosion Science, 98, 128-139, 2015.
  • [22] Zafar I, Sugiyama T, The influence of bending crack on rebar corrosion in fly ash concrete subjected to different exposure conditions under static loading, Construction and Building Materials, 160, 293-307, 2018.
  • [23] Yongsheng J, Yijie H, Lingle Z, Zhongzheng B, Laboratory studies on influence of transverse cracking on chloride induced corrosion rate in concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 69, 28-37, 2016.
  • [24] Sangoju B, Gettu R, Bharatkumar B.H, Neelamegam M, Chloride induced corrosion of steel in cracked OPC and PPC concretes: Experimental study, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(7), 1057-1066, 2011.
  • [25] Granju J.L., Balouch S.U., Corrosion of steel fiber reinforced concrete from the cracks, ACI Materials Journal, 35, 572-577, 2005.
  • [26] Berrocal C.G., Lundgren K., Lofgren I., Influence of steel fibers on corrosion of reinforcement in concrete in chloride environments: A review, Fiber Concrete 2013, Prague, Czech Republic, Sept. 12-13, 2013.
  • [27] Hay R, Ostertag C.P, Influence of transverse cracks and interfacial damage on corrosion of steel in concrete with and without fiber hybridization, Corrosion Science, 153, 213-224, 2019.
  • [28] ACI Committee 224R., Control of cracking in concrete structures, ACI 224-01, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 2001.
  • [29] ACI Committee 318, (2008) Building code requirements for reinforced concrete, ACI 318-08, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 2008.
  • [30] Bentur A., Diamond S., Berke N.S., Steel corrosion in concrete: Fundamentals and civil engineering practice, E & FN Spon, London, United Kingdom, 1997.
  • [31] Baah P., Cracking behavior of structural slab bridge decks, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Akron, Ohio, 2014.
  • [32] ASTM Standard C39/C39M, Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA., 2014.
  • [33] ASTM Standard C876, Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
  • [34] ASTM Standard C1556. Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixtures by bulk diffusion, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA., 2017.
  • [35] ASTM Standard C1152., Standard test method for acid-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.,2012
  • [36] ASTM Standard G3, Standard practice for conventions applicable to electrochemical measurements in corrosion testing, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017
  • [37] Frolund T., Klinghoffer O., Poulsen E., Rebar corrosion rate measurements for service life estimates, ACI Fall Convention, Toronto, Canada, 2000.
  • [38] Gerard B., Marchand J., Influence of cracking on the diffusion properties of cement-based materials Part I: Influence of continuous cracks on the steady-state regime, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 37-43, 2000.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nilüfer Özyurt 0000-0003-4533-8702

Tayfun Altuğ Söylev 0000-0001-5042-0431

Turan Özturan 0000-0001-8097-3838

Ahmet Onur Pehlivan 0000-0002-6296-4126

Anıl Niş 0000-0001-9092-8088

Publication Date November 1, 2020
Submission Date June 4, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 31 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Özyurt, N., Söylev, T. A., Özturan, T., Pehlivan, A. O., et al. (2020). Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure. Teknik Dergi, 31(6), 10315-10337. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.430536
AMA Özyurt N, Söylev TA, Özturan T, Pehlivan AO, Niş A. Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure. Teknik Dergi. November 2020;31(6):10315-10337. doi:10.18400/tekderg.430536
Chicago Özyurt, Nilüfer, Tayfun Altuğ Söylev, Turan Özturan, Ahmet Onur Pehlivan, and Anıl Niş. “Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure”. Teknik Dergi 31, no. 6 (November 2020): 10315-37. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.430536.
EndNote Özyurt N, Söylev TA, Özturan T, Pehlivan AO, Niş A (November 1, 2020) Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure. Teknik Dergi 31 6 10315–10337.
IEEE N. Özyurt, T. A. Söylev, T. Özturan, A. O. Pehlivan, and A. Niş, “Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure”, Teknik Dergi, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 10315–10337, 2020, doi: 10.18400/tekderg.430536.
ISNAD Özyurt, Nilüfer et al. “Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure”. Teknik Dergi 31/6 (November 2020), 10315-10337. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.430536.
JAMA Özyurt N, Söylev TA, Özturan T, Pehlivan AO, Niş A. Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure. Teknik Dergi. 2020;31:10315–10337.
MLA Özyurt, Nilüfer et al. “Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure”. Teknik Dergi, vol. 31, no. 6, 2020, pp. 10315-37, doi:10.18400/tekderg.430536.
Vancouver Özyurt N, Söylev TA, Özturan T, Pehlivan AO, Niş A. Corrosion and Chloride Diffusivity of Reinforced Concrete Cracked under Sustained Flexure. Teknik Dergi. 2020;31(6):10315-37.