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ARCHETYPES OF THE BLACKSMITH AND THE DEVIL IN BASQUE AND ANATOLIAN FOLKLORE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL MEMORY: AESTHETIC PROJECTIONS IN THE FILM ERREMENTARI

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 163 - 183, 15.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA42NH29YT

Abstract

This study advances a comparative analysis of the Errementari narrative in Basque folklore and the blacksmith-devil constellation in the Anatolian oral tradition, situating both corpora in relation to cultural memory. The analysis examines the apotropaic efficacy of iron, the purificatory valence of fire, and the liminal positioning of the blacksmith as symbolic codifications of social order and traces the rearticulation of ritual continuity across aesthetic and mythopoetic registers in the Book of Dede Korkut, the legend of Blacksmith Kawa, and talismanic practices. Drawing on Jan Assmann’s theory of cultural memory and Mircea Eliade’s account of mythic sacrality, the study conceptualizes archetypal oppositions as historically sedimented and culturally operative structures, approached via a comparative folkloristic methodology. The article contributes to interdisciplinary debates across folklore, memory studies, and aesthetics by elucidating the dynamic interplay of continuity and transformation governing the persistence of mythical imaginaries in modern cultural formations.

References

  • Afanasyev, A. N. (1946). Russian fairy tales (N. Guterman, Trans.). Pantheon.
  • Assmann, A. (2011). Cultural memory and Western civilization: Functions, media, archives. Cambridge University.
  • Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University.
  • Barandiarán, J. M. (1972). Selected writings: Basque mythology and folklore. Txertoa.
  • Barthes, R. (1991). Mythologies (A. Lavers, Trans.). Noonday.
  • Bauman, R. (1986). Story, performance, and event: Contextual studies of oral narrative. Cambridge University.
  • Begiç, H. N. (2022). Anadolu nazar inancı ve nazarlıklar. Hars Akademi Uluslararası Hakemli Kültür Sanat Mimarlık Dergisi, 5(3), 170-187. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2007166
  • Benjamin, W. (1968). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. H. Arendt (Eds.), Illuminations (pp. 217-252). Schocken.
  • Boratav, P. N. (2012). 100 soruda Türk folkloru. Gerçek.
  • Burkert, W. (1985). Greek religion. Harvard University.
  • Carroll, N. (1990). The philosophy of horror, or paradoxes of the heart. Routledge.
  • Christian, W. (1989). Local religion in sixteenth-century Spain. Princeton University.
  • Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. Routledge.
  • Douglass, W. A. (2000). Basque cultural studies. University of Nevada.
  • Dumézil, G. (1968). Mythe et épopée I: L’idéologie des trois fonctions dans les épopées des peuples indo-européens. Gallimard.
  • Dundes, A. (1965). The study of folklore. Prentice-Hall.
  • Durkheim, E. (1995). The elementary forms of religious life (K. Fields, Trans.). Free.
  • Eliade, M. (1996). The forge and the crucible: The origins and structure of alchemy. University of Chicago.
  • Ergun, P. (2004). Türk kültüründe demir ve demircilik. Atatürk Kültür Merkezi.
  • Finneran, N. (2003). Ethiopian evil eye belief and the magical symbolism of iron working. Folklore, 114(3), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587032000145414
  • Frye, N. (1957). Anatomy of criticism. Princeton University.
  • Hutcheon, L. (2006). A theory of adaptation. Routledge.
  • Hymes, D. (1981). In vain I tried to tell you: Essays in Native American ethnopoetics. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Irmak, Y. (2022). Cam sanatından bir folklorik objeye: Nazar boncuğu. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 1377-1384. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ksusbd/article/1215415
  • Jameson, F. (1981). The political unconscious: Narrative as a socially symbolic act. Cornell University.
  • Jung, C. G. (1968). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Princeton University.
  • Koven, M. J. (2021). Folklore and film: Reframing cinematic mythologies. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection (L. S. Roudiez, Trans.). Columbia University.
  • Külahlı, N. (2022). A review on the term of hearth in Hittite mythological documents: Anatolian hearth belief. ASYA: Journal of World History Culture, 8, 265-274. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1190693
  • Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
  • Nancy, J.-L. (1991). The inoperative community (P. Connor, Trans.). University of Minnesota.
  • North, R. (1997). Heathen gods in old English literature. Cambridge University.
  • Ocak, A. Y. (1999). Türk halk inançlarında ve edebiyatında evliya menkıbeleri. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Ong, W. (1982). Orality and literacy. Methuen.
  • Örnek, S. V. (1971). Anadolu folklorunda ölüm. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Öztürk, V. E. (2023). Eski Türk inançlarında ateş kültü ve günümüze yansımaları. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 285-302. https://doi.org/10.48174/buaad.1116089
  • Sakaoğlu, S. (2003). 101 Anadolu efsanesi. Akçağ.
  • Siikala, A.-L. (Eds.). (2002). Myth and mentality: Studies in folklore and popular thought (Studia Fennica Folkloristica 8). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://doi.org/10.21435/sff.8
  • Thompson, S. (1955). Motif-index of folk-literature. Indiana University.
  • Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine.
  • Van Gennep, A. (1960). The rites of passage (M. Vizedom & G. Caffee, Trans.). University of Chicago.

KÜLTÜREL BELLEK PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BASK VE ANADOLU FOLKLORUNDA DEMİRCİ VE ŞEYTAN ARKETİPLERİ: ERREMENTARİ FİLMİNDEKİ ESTETİK İZDÜŞÜMLERİ

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 163 - 183, 15.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA42NH29YT

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Bask folklorundaki Errementari anlatısını Anadolu sözlü geleneğinde yer alan demirci-şeytan motifleriyle kültürel bellek perspektifi üzerinden karşılaştırmalı biçimde incelemektedir. Demirin apotropaik işlevi, ateşin arındırıcı niteliği ve demircinin liminal konumu aracılığıyla toplumsal düzenin sembolik kodlanışı değerlendirilmekte; Dede Korkut hikâyeleri, Demirci Kawa efsanesi ve nazarlık pratikleri üzerinden ritüel sürekliliğin estetik ve mitsel düzeylerde nasıl yeniden üretildiği açıklanmaktadır. Çalışma, Jan Assmann’ın kültürel bellek kuramı ile Mircea Eliade’nin mitin kutsal işlevine dair yaklaşımlarını kuramsal zemin olarak benimseyerek, karşılaştırmalı folklor incelemesi yöntemiyle arketipsel karşıtlıkların tarihsel ve kültürel işlevlerini ifade etmektedir. Çalışma, arketipsel karşıtlıkların sinema aracılığıyla yeniden kodlanışını, toplumsal hafızanın sürekliliğini pekiştiren ve modern estetik bağlamlarda işlevsel dönüşümler yaratan bir süreç olarak konumlandırmaktadır. Böylece makale, folklor, bellek ve sanat arasındaki kesişim alanına disiplinler arası bir katkı sunmakta ve mitik imgelerin çağdaş kültürdeki süreklilik ile dönüşüm dinamiklerini açımlamaktadır.

References

  • Afanasyev, A. N. (1946). Russian fairy tales (N. Guterman, Trans.). Pantheon.
  • Assmann, A. (2011). Cultural memory and Western civilization: Functions, media, archives. Cambridge University.
  • Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University.
  • Barandiarán, J. M. (1972). Selected writings: Basque mythology and folklore. Txertoa.
  • Barthes, R. (1991). Mythologies (A. Lavers, Trans.). Noonday.
  • Bauman, R. (1986). Story, performance, and event: Contextual studies of oral narrative. Cambridge University.
  • Begiç, H. N. (2022). Anadolu nazar inancı ve nazarlıklar. Hars Akademi Uluslararası Hakemli Kültür Sanat Mimarlık Dergisi, 5(3), 170-187. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2007166
  • Benjamin, W. (1968). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. H. Arendt (Eds.), Illuminations (pp. 217-252). Schocken.
  • Boratav, P. N. (2012). 100 soruda Türk folkloru. Gerçek.
  • Burkert, W. (1985). Greek religion. Harvard University.
  • Carroll, N. (1990). The philosophy of horror, or paradoxes of the heart. Routledge.
  • Christian, W. (1989). Local religion in sixteenth-century Spain. Princeton University.
  • Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. Routledge.
  • Douglass, W. A. (2000). Basque cultural studies. University of Nevada.
  • Dumézil, G. (1968). Mythe et épopée I: L’idéologie des trois fonctions dans les épopées des peuples indo-européens. Gallimard.
  • Dundes, A. (1965). The study of folklore. Prentice-Hall.
  • Durkheim, E. (1995). The elementary forms of religious life (K. Fields, Trans.). Free.
  • Eliade, M. (1996). The forge and the crucible: The origins and structure of alchemy. University of Chicago.
  • Ergun, P. (2004). Türk kültüründe demir ve demircilik. Atatürk Kültür Merkezi.
  • Finneran, N. (2003). Ethiopian evil eye belief and the magical symbolism of iron working. Folklore, 114(3), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587032000145414
  • Frye, N. (1957). Anatomy of criticism. Princeton University.
  • Hutcheon, L. (2006). A theory of adaptation. Routledge.
  • Hymes, D. (1981). In vain I tried to tell you: Essays in Native American ethnopoetics. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Irmak, Y. (2022). Cam sanatından bir folklorik objeye: Nazar boncuğu. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 1377-1384. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ksusbd/article/1215415
  • Jameson, F. (1981). The political unconscious: Narrative as a socially symbolic act. Cornell University.
  • Jung, C. G. (1968). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Princeton University.
  • Koven, M. J. (2021). Folklore and film: Reframing cinematic mythologies. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection (L. S. Roudiez, Trans.). Columbia University.
  • Külahlı, N. (2022). A review on the term of hearth in Hittite mythological documents: Anatolian hearth belief. ASYA: Journal of World History Culture, 8, 265-274. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1190693
  • Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
  • Nancy, J.-L. (1991). The inoperative community (P. Connor, Trans.). University of Minnesota.
  • North, R. (1997). Heathen gods in old English literature. Cambridge University.
  • Ocak, A. Y. (1999). Türk halk inançlarında ve edebiyatında evliya menkıbeleri. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Ong, W. (1982). Orality and literacy. Methuen.
  • Örnek, S. V. (1971). Anadolu folklorunda ölüm. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Öztürk, V. E. (2023). Eski Türk inançlarında ateş kültü ve günümüze yansımaları. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 285-302. https://doi.org/10.48174/buaad.1116089
  • Sakaoğlu, S. (2003). 101 Anadolu efsanesi. Akçağ.
  • Siikala, A.-L. (Eds.). (2002). Myth and mentality: Studies in folklore and popular thought (Studia Fennica Folkloristica 8). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://doi.org/10.21435/sff.8
  • Thompson, S. (1955). Motif-index of folk-literature. Indiana University.
  • Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine.
  • Van Gennep, A. (1960). The rites of passage (M. Vizedom & G. Caffee, Trans.). University of Chicago.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Turkish Language and Literature (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serap Sarıbaş 0000-0002-4079-8024

Submission Date September 15, 2025
Acceptance Date January 13, 2026
Publication Date March 15, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA42NH29YT
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sarıbaş, S. (2026). ARCHETYPES OF THE BLACKSMITH AND THE DEVIL IN BASQUE AND ANATOLIAN FOLKLORE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL MEMORY: AESTHETIC PROJECTIONS IN THE FILM ERREMENTARI. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 15(1), 163-183. https://izlik.org/JA42NH29YT