Examination of University Students Emotion Regulation Skills in Terms of Attachment Styles and Self-Compassion

Year 2024, , 160 - 170, 30.06.2024

Özgür Kır , Zeliha Traş , Şahin Kesici

https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1449653

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the emotion regulation skills of university students in terms of attachment styles and self-compassion. The participants of the study were determined using the appropriate sampling method. The participants consisted of a total of 414 university students, 230 (55.6%) of whom were female and 184 (44.4%) of whom were male. In order to collect the data, “Personal Information Form”, “Emotion Regulation Scale (DBL)”, “Experiences in Close Relationships II (CRI II)” and “Self-Compassion Scale” were used. SPSS 26.0 package program was used to analyze the data. In this analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple linear regression analysis and independent groups t-test methods were used. The findings of the study showed that emotion regulation skills have a positive and significant relationship with attachment styles and self-compassion. As a result of the regression analysis, it was concluded that the avoidant attachment sub-dimension of attachment styles and the consciousness sub-dimension of self-compassion significantly predicted the re-evaluation sub-dimension of emotion regulation skills. It was concluded that the consciousness and overidentification sub-dimensions of attachment styles and self-compassion significantly predicted the concealment sub-dimension of emotion regulation skills. It was determined that emotion regulation skills did not show a significant difference according to gender.

Keywords

Emotion Regulation Skills, Attachment Styles, Self-Compassion, University Students

Ethical Statement

NEÜ ETİK KURUL KOMİSYONUNDAN 2024- 18331 NOLU ETİK UYGUNDUR RAPORU ALINMIŞTIR. EK BELGE OLARAK YÜKLENMİŞTİR.

Supporting Institution

--

Project Number

--

Thanks

--

References

• Akın, Ü., Akın, A., & Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-Duyarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, 33(33), 1–10.
• Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 4(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x
• Aydemir, M. (2020). Examine the relationship between adolescents' attachment styles and emotion regulation skills. Master's Dissertation, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Istanbul.
• Bozkurt-Yükçü, Ş. (2017). Examining the relation between emotion regulation and social problem solving skills of children continuing to independent kindergartens. and parents' emotional literacy level. Unpublished Master's Dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
• Cabral, J., Matos, P. M., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2012). Attachment, emotion regulation and coping in Portuguese emerging adults: a test of a mediation hypothesis. The Spanish journal of psychology, 15(3), 1000–1012. https://doi.org/10.5209/REV_SJOP.2012.V15.N3.39391
• Carlson, S. M., & Wang, T. S. (2007). Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 489-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.002
• Carnelley, K. B., Israel, S., & Brennan, K. A. (2007). The role of attachment in influencing reactions to manipulated feedback from romantic partners. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 968–986. https://doi.org/10.1002/EJSP.409
• Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self‐Compassion Scale. Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1974
• Demireğen, Z. (2019). The relationship between emotional regulation skills and academic motivation of adolescents. Unpublished Master's Dissertation, Ankara University, Ankara.
• Diedrich, A., Burger, J., Kirchner, M., & Berking, M. (2016). Adaptive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self-compassion and depression in individuals with unipolar depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12107
• Dodge, K. A., & Garber, J. (1991). Domains of emotion regulation. J. Garberand ve K. A. Dodge (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (3-14) in. Cambridge University Press.
• Eldeleklioğlu, J., & Eroğlu, Y. (2015). A Turkish adaptation of the emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1), 1157-1168. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v12i1.3144
• Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CAMS-R). Journal of psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8
• Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
• Gentzler, A. L., Kerns, K. A., & Keener, E. (2010). Emotional reactions and regulatory responses to negative and positive events: Associations with attachment and gender. Motivation and Emotion, 34(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11031-009-9149-X
• Germer, C. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. Guilford Press.
• Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(5), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
• Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition and Emotion, 13(5), 551-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379186
• Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual Differences in Two Emotion Regulation Processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
• Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2006). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. J. J. Gross (Ed.). Handbook of emotion regulation (3- 25) içinde. The Guillford Press.
• Güler, B. (2022). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin duygu düzenleme becerilerinin incelenmesi. Sportive, 5 (1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1065415
• Gün, S., Oğulcan Türkmen, O., & Barbaros Yalçın, S. (2020). Yurtta kalan üniversite öğrencilerinin duygu düzenleme ile öz-şefkat düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi, 2(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2020.2
• Henschel, S., Nandrino, J. L., & Doba, K. (2020). Emotion regulation and empathic abilities in young adults: The role of attachment styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 156, 109763. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2019.109763
• Howe, D., Brandon, M., Hinings, D., & Schofield, G. (1999). Attachment theory, child maltreatment and family support: A practice and assessment model. Macmillan Press.
• Hwang, J. (2006). A processing model of emotion regulation: Insights from the attachment system. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia State University.
• Joeng, J. R., Turner, S. L., Kim, E. Y., Choi, S. A., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, J. K. (2017). Insecure attachment and emotional distress: Fear of self-compassion and self-compassion as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802619031
• Karabacak, A., & Demir, M. (2017). Özerklik, bağlanma stilleri, bilinçli farkındalık ve duygu düzenleme arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 271-291.
• Kısmetoğlu, G. (2019). Analysis of the relationship between emotion regulation, conscious mindfulness skills and anxiety levels in adolescents of ages 15-18. Master's Dissertation, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul.
• Koole, S. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 4-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802619031
• Küçük, M. (2020). Analyzing of adults' self-compassion, attachment styles and psychological well-being features. Master's Dissertation, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul.
• Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(5), 887. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
• Marlatt, G. A., & Kristeller, J. L. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment (67-84). American Psychological Association.
• McCarthy, C. J., Moller. N. P., & Fouladi. R. T. (2001). Continued attachment to parents: Its relationship to affect regulation and perceived stress among college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(4), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2001.12069011
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. Word Psychiatry, 11, 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.003
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R. & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77-102.
• Neff, K. D., & McGehe, P. (2009). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
• Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
• Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
• Neff, K. D., & Beretvas, S. N. (2013). The role of self-compassion in romantic elationships. Self and Identity, 12(1), 78–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.639548
• Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and it’s link to adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
• Neff, K., & Tirch, D. (2013). Self-compassion and ACT, The Context Press mindfulness and acceptance practica series. T. B. Kashdan & J. V. Ciarrochi (Ed.), Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being (p. 78-106) in. New Harbinger Publications.
• Öner, Ç., & Ascı, F. (2020). Sporcularda bağlanma stillerinin duyguları düzenleme becerileri ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerini belirlemedeki rolünün incelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 202-219. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.798619
• Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., O’Donovan, A., & Pal, J. (2015). Individual differences in self-compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood. Self and Identity, 14(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.955050
• Roque, L., Veríssimo, M., Fernandes, M., & Rebelo, A. (2013). Emotion regulation and attachment: Relationships with children’s secure base, during different situational and social contexts in naturalistic settings. Infant Behavior and Development, 36(3), 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.03.003
• Selçuk, E., Günaydin, G., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutlan için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın ilişkilerde yaşantılar envanteri-II 'nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8 (16), 1-11.
• Schore, A. N. (2000). Attachment and the regulation of the right brain. Attachment and Human Development, 2 (1), 23-47.
• Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2002). Emotion regulation and understanding: implications for child psychopathology and therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(2), 189–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00087-3
• Southam-Gerow, M. A. (2014). Çocuklarda ve ergenlerde duygusal düzenleme (Çev. M. Artıran). Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Sönmez, V., & Alacapınar, F. G. (2018). Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
• Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007). Socialization of Emotion Regulation in the Family. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (p. 249–268). The Guilford Press.
• Uğur, E. (2020). An examination of adolescent groups living in different social environments in terms of attachment, resilience and emotion. Unpublished Master's Dissertation, Maltepe University, Istanbul.
• Uyar, M. (2019). The predictive role of attachment styles and cognitive emotion regulation on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood. Master's Dissertation, Maltepe University, Istanbul.
• Vatan, S. (2019). Duygu düzenlemenin şah damarı: Öz-şefkat. Pivolka, 9(31), 2–4. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.766746
• Vatan, S., & Oruçlular-Kahya, Y. (2018). Duygu düzenleme becerileri ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(2), 192-201.
• Yıldız, M. A. (2014). The multiple mediating role of emotion regulation and coping strategies on the relationship between parent attachment and subjective well-being in. Doctoral Dissertation, Mersin University Mersin.
• Young, G. R., Karnilowicz, H. R., Mauss, I. B., Hastings, P. D., Guyer, A. E., & Robins, R. W. (2022). Prospective associations between emotion regulation and depressive symptoms among Mexican-origin adolescents. Emotion, 22(1), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001060
• Yönet-Demirhan, C. (2021). The analysis of the relationship between attachment styles, emotion regulation skills and narcissism levels of secondary. Master’s Dissertation, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya.
• Yüksel, B. (2014). Attachment, positive and negative emotion regulation, and intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety: searching for an integrative model. Master’s Dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
• Zimmermann, P., Maier, M. A., Winter, M., & Grossmann, K. E. (2001). Attachment and adolescents' emotion regulation during a joint problem-solving task with a friend. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(4), 331-343.
• Zimmermann, P. (2004). Attachment representations and characteristics of friendship relations during adolesence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 83- 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.02.002