Yüce Deneyimi Üzerine: Batı Kültüründeki Yüce ile Japon Kami (神) Düşüncesi Arasında bir İnceleme

Year 2020, Issue: 14, 125 - 150, 23.12.2020

Elif Elçi Engin Yurt

Abstract

Bu çalışma en temelde yüce kavramı ile ontoloji arasındaki ilişki ile ilgilenir. Bu çalışmada, spesifik olarak, Batı felsefe ve estetik tarihinden bir kavram ile -yüce kavramı- onun Doğu-Asya kültür ve düşünme dünyasındaki karşılığı olan (karşılığı olmasa bile, Batı’da kastedildiği anlamda yüce deneyimini ve bu deneyimin özsel anlamını taşıyan olası bir kavram) Kami (神) fikri arasında bir inceleme yapmayı dener. Bu inceleme ile, hem karşılaştırmalı hem de füzyon felsefesi içindeki araştırmaları zenginleştirmeyi amaçlar. İlk bölümde, Batı kültüründeki yüce kavramının tarihsel gelişimi izlenip analiz edilmektedir. Longinus, Burke, Kant, Schiller, Schopenhauer, Lyotard ve Derrida gibi isimler aracılığıyla, yüce kavramının Batı kültüründe geçirdiği tarihsel değişim takip edilip araştırılmıştır. Bu kavramın estetik, politik, etik, metafiziksel kökleri ve çağrışımları bu inceleme içinde açık kılınmıştır. Bu açık kılınma ile, yüce kavramının doğa, öz, benlik, kendilik gibi kavramlarla ilişkisi ve bu kavramların kendileri arasındaki ilişkiler de problematize edilerek ele alınmıştır. Yüce kavramının aşırılık, aşkınsallık, bir tür çekme-itme ilişkisi gibi düşünceler temelinde izah edilmesi, bu kavramın tarihsel gelişimi sürecinde geçirdiği değişimlerin daha iyi anlaşılması amacıyla eleştirel bir yorumlamaya tabii tutulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, Japon kültürüne ait olan Şinto dini ve bunun Japon estetiğine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırma ile, kami inancının anlamı ve kullanım şekilleri (metafizik ve ontoloji içindeki çağrışımları ile birlikte) Japon kültür ve düşünme dünyasında yüce kavramının yerini bulmak açısından dekonstrükte edilmiştir. Bazı semantik, etimolojik ve gramatik analizler aracılığıyla, çalışma Japon kami düşüncesi ile Batı dünyasındaki yüce deneyimi arasındaki ilişkiyi açık bir şekilde gösterebileceği bir noktaya ulaşır. Sonuç olarak, Japon estetiği içindeki ilgili deneyim, kami ve yüce arasındaki karşılıklı ilişki aracılığıyla ortaya koyulmuştur.

Keywords

Doğu-Batı Karşılaştırması, Estetik, Fenomenoloji, Japon Kültürü, Sanat

On the Experience of Sublime: An Examination between Western Sense of Sublime and Japanese Kami (神)

Abstract

The study deals with the relationship between the sense of sublime and ontology. In this study, it has been tried to make an examination between a concept from western history of philosophy and aesthetics -the concept of sublime- and its counterpart (if not so counterpart, but the possible idea that holds the essential meaning and experience of the sublime in its sense) within the East-Asian intellectual and cultural world namely, Kami (神). By this examination, it is aimed to enrichen the investigations within both comparative and fusion philosophy. In first chapter, the historical progress of the western sublime has been tracked and analyzed. Through the names like Longinus, Burke, Kant, Schiller, Schopenhauer, Lyotard and Derrida, the historical change of the notion of sublime in Western culture has been followed and investigated. Its aesthetical, political, ethical, metaphysical roots and connotations have been clarified within the examination. By doing this, the concept’s relation with the concepts like nature, the self, and the relation between nature and self are problematized and taken into consideration. The accounts of sublime regarding the idea of excess, transcendence, a sort of withdraw-repel relation have been criticized in order to understand the specific emphasizes on the notion during its historical changes. In the second chapter, Japanese religion Shinto and its effects on the Japanese aesthetics have been investigated. By this investigation, the meaning and usages of the belief kami (and its connotation within metaphysics and ontology) are deconstructed regarding the notion of sublime in Japanese cultural and intellectual world. Through some semantic, etymological and grammatical analyzes, the examination reaches to the point where the connection between the western sublime and Japanese kami has been cleared. In the conclusion, the phenomenality within Japanese aesthetics has been revealed through the interrelation between kami and sublime.

Keywords

aesthetics, art, east-west comparison, Japanese, Phenomenology, Western

References

• Ashfield, A. – Bolla, P. (Ed.). 1998. The Sublime: A Reader in British Eighteenth-Century Aesthetic Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Blake, W. 1906. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. Boston: John W. Luce and Company.
• Boyd, J. W., Williams, R. G. 2005. “Japanese Shinto: An Interpretation of a Priestly Perspective”. Philosophy East and West, 55 (1): 33-63.
• Brady, E. 2013. The Sublime in Modern Philosophy: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Nature. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Budd, M. 2005. The Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Burke, E. 1998. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. Ed. Adam Phillips. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Burke, E. 2009. Reflections on the Revolution in France. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Campbell, C. 2016. The Easternization of the West: A Thematic Account of Cultural Change in the Modern Era. New York: Routledge.
• Costelloe, T. M. 2012. “The Sublime: A Short Introduction to a Long History”. The Sublime: From Antiquity to the Present. Ed. T. M. Costelloe. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 1-10.
• Cunningham, D. 2004. “How the Sublime Became ‘Now’: Time, Modernity and Aesthetics in Lyotard’s Rewriting of Kant”. Symposium: Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy, 8 (3): 549-571.
• Davies, R. J. 2016. Japanese Culture: The Religious and Philosophical Foundations. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.
• Derrida, J. 1987. The Truth in Painting. Trans. Geoff Bennington, Ian McLeod. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Doran, R. 2015. The Theory of the Sublime from Longinus to Kant. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Drolet, M. 1994. “The Wild and the Sublime: Lyotard’s Post-Modern Politics”. Political Studies, 42 (2): 259-273.
• Furniss, T. 1993. Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Gordon, P. 2017. Art as the Absolute: Art’s Relation to Metaphysics in Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, and Schopenhauer. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
• Gritzner, K. 2016. “Adorno, the Sublime and Live Performance”. European Legacy, 21 (7), 633-643.
• Grube, G. A. 1957. On Great Writing (On the Sublime). New York: The Liberal Arts Press.
• Heath, M. 2012. “Longinus and the Ancient Sublime”. The Sublime: From Antiquity to the Present. Ed. T. M. Costelloe. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11-23.
• Heidegger, M. 1968. What is Called Thinking? Trans. J. Glenn Gray. New York: Harper & Row Pub.
• Heidegger, M. 1971. On the Way to Language. Trans. Peter D. Hertz. New York: Harper & Row, Pub.
• Holcombe, C. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Holtom, D. 1995. “The Meaning of Kami”. Japanese Religions: Past and Present. Ed. Ian Reader, Esben Andreasen & Finn Stefánsson. Hawaii: Hawaii University Press.
• Holy Bible: New International Version. 2001. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
• Hsiao, P. S. 1987. “Heidegger and Our Translation of the Tao Te Ching”. Heidegger and Asian Thought. Ed. Graham Parkes. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, p. 93-104.
• Inagaki, H. – Jennings, J. N. 2000. Philosophical Theology and East-West Dialogue. Amsterdam: Editions Rodobi B.V.
• Jie, X. 2003. “On the Lost of Sublime in Classical Idea of Harmonious”. Journal of Fuyang Teachers College (Social Science), 3: 48-49.
• Kant, I. 1987. Critique of Judgement. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
• Kant, I. 2011. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings. Ed. Patrick Frierson, Paul Guyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Kirwan, J. 2005. Sublimity: The Non-rational and the Irrational in the History of Aesthetics. New York: Routledge.
• Klinger, C. 1995. “The Concepts of the Sublime and the Beautiful in Kant and Lyotard”. Constellations, 2 (2): 207-223.
• Kuplen, M. 2015. “The Sublime, Ugliness and Contemporary Art: A Kantian Perspective”. Con-Textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy, 1: 114-141.
• Lee, Y. 2016. “Kant’s Theory of the Sublime in Nature and His Concept of Nature”. Filosofiska Notiser, 3 (1): 25-50.
• Long, J. L. 1917. “Is There Sublimity in Japanese Art?”. The Art World, 2 (4): 323-325.
• Lyotard, J.-F. 1994. Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime. Trans. E. Rottenberg. California: Stanford University Press.
• Lyotard, J.-F. 2004. The Inhuman: Reflections on Time. Trans. Geoffrey Bennington, Rachel Bowlby. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Marion, J. 2008. The Visible and the Revealed. Trans. Christina Gschwandtner. New York: Fordham University Press.
• Marra, M. F. 2010. Essays on Japan: Between Aesthetics and Literature. Leiden: Brill.
• Mishra, V. 1998. Devotional Poetics and the Indian Sublime. New York: State University of New York Press.
• Monk, S. 1950. The Sublime: A Study of Critical Theories in XVIII-Century England. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
• Nelson, E. S. 2017. Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
• Nelson, J. K. 1996. A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine. London: University of Washington Press.
• Rayman, J. 2012. Kant on Sublimity and Morality. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
• Reader, I. 1994. Religion in Contemporary Japan. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
• Ryan, V. L. 2001. “The Physiological Sublime: Burke’s Critique of Reason”. Journal of the History of Ideas, 62 (2): 265-279.
• Schiller, F. 1993. “Concerning the Sublime”, trans. Daniel O. Dahlstrom. Essays. Ed. Walter Hinderer, Daniel O. Dahlstrom. New York: Continuum.
• Schiller, F. 1993. “On the Sublime”, trans. Daniel O. Dahlstrom. Essays. Ed. Walter Hinderer, Daniel O. Dahlstrom. New York: Continuum.
• Schopenhauer, A. 1969. The World as Will and Representation. Trans. E. F. J. Payne. Vol I. New York: Dover Publications. Inc.
• Shell, S. M. 2002. “Kant as Propagator: Reflections on Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime”. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 35 (3): 455-468.
• Shusterman, R. 2005. “Somaesthetics and Burke’s Sublime”. British Journal of Aesthetics, 45 (4): 323-341.
• Silverman, H. J. 2016. “Lyotard and the Events of the Postmodern Sublime”. Lyotard: Philosophy, Politics and the Sublime. Ed. Hugh J. Silverman. New York: Routledge, p. 222-229.
• Sircello, G. 1993. “How Is a Theory of the Sublime Possible?”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 51 (4): 541-550.
• Walsh, B. C. 2019. “A Modern-Day Romantic: The Romantic Sublime in Hayao Miyazaki’s Creative Philosophy”. Comparative Literature: East & West, 3 (2): 176-191.
• Yoneyama, S. 2019. Animism in Contemporary Japan: Voices for the Anthropocene from post-Fukushima Japan. New York: Routledge.