Ahlaki Statü Kavramı ve Teorileri

Year 2020, Issue: 14, 201 - 217, 23.12.2020

Necati Murad Omay

Abstract

Ahlaki statüye (ahlaki konuma veya ahlaki öneme) sahip olmak, ahlaki faillerin ahlaki yükümlülüklere sahip olduğu veya sahip olabileceği bir varlık olmaktır. Ahlaki statüye sahip varlıklar belirli ahlaki haklara sahiptirler; onlara ahlaken yanlışlık yapılabilir. Kavram, 1970lerdeki tıbbi etik, hayvan etiği ve çevre etiğiyle ilgili uygulamalı etik tartışmalarından doğmuştur. Sonrasında o, uygulamalı etiğin başta biyoetik olmak üzere tartışmalarında önem taşımaya devam etmiştir. Hangi varlıkların, hangi gerekçelerle ahlaki statüye sahip olduğu konusunda birçok ahlaki statü teorisi ileri sürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, ahlaki statü kavramını ve teorilerini inceleyeceğiz. Bunun için çalışmayı üç bölüme ayıracağız. İlk bölümde ahlaki statü kavramının tanımını, ortaya çıkışını ve önemini inceleyeceğiz. Daha sonraki bölümde ahlaki statü teorilerini, düzeyli ile düzeyli olmayan, dereceli ile dereceli olmayan ve tek-kriterli ile çok-kriterli olarak sınıflandırarak inceleyeceğiz. Son bölümdeyse, bu türleri karşılaştırarak değerlendirmeye çalışacağız. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda, dereceli ahlaki statü teorilerinin, dereceli olmayan ahlaki statü teorilerine göre daha makul gibi göründüğünü iddia edeceğiz.

Keywords

Ahlaki statü, ahlaki konum, ahlaki önem, biyoetik, uygulamalı etik

The Concept and Theories of Moral Status

Abstract

To have moral status (moral standing or moral consideration) is to be an entity toward which moral agents have or can have moral obligations. Beings of moral status have certain moral rights; morally wrong can be done to them. The concept has emerged from applied ethics discussions about medical ethics, animal ethics, and environmental ethics in the 1970s. Subsequently it continued to be important in discussions of applied ethics, particularly bioethics. Many moral status theories have been put forward as to which entities have moral status on what grounds. In this paper, we will examine the concept and theories of moral status. For this, we will divide the study into three parts. In the first part, we will examine the definition, emergence and importance of the concept of moral status. In the next section, we will examine the theories of moral status by categorizing them into graded and non-graded, degreed and non-degreed, and uni-criterial and multi-criterial. In the last part, we will try to evaluate these types by comparing them. As a result of this assessment, we will argue that degreed theories of moral status seem more plausible than non-degreed theories of moral status.

Keywords

moral status, moral standing, moral consideration, bioethics, applied ethics

References

• Almond, Brenda. “applied ethics.” The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy içinde, ed. Edward Craig, 24-30. Oxon: Routledge, 2005.
• Attfield, Robin. “Biocentrism.” Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy içinde, ed. J. B. Callicott ve R. Frodeman, 97-100. MI: Macmillan Reference, 2009.
• Beauchamp, Tom L. “Introduction.” The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics içinde, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp ve R. G. Frey, 1-30. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Beauchamp, Tom L. “The Nature of Applied Ethics.” A Companion to Applied Ethics içinde, ed. R. G. Frey ve Christopher H. Wellman, 1-16. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
• Bostrom Nick ve Yudkowsky, Eliezer. “The ethics of artificial intelligence.” The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence içinde, ed. Keith Frankish ve William M. Ramsey, 316-334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Brennan, Andrew ve Lo, Yeuk-Sze. “Environmental Ethics.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition) içinde, ed. Edward N. Zalta, URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/ethics-environmental/>.
• Carter, W. R. “Once and Future Persons.” American Philosophical Quarterly 17 (1980): 61–66.
• Crisp, Roger. “ethics.” The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy içinde, ed. Edward Craig, 242-245. Oxon: Routledge, 2005.
• DeGrazia, David. “Moral Status As a Matter of Degree.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 46, no. 2 (2008): 181-198.
• Douglas, Thomas. “Human enhancement and supra-personal moral status.” Philosophical Studies 162 (2013): 473-497.
• Fieser, James. “Ethics.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy içinde, ed. James Fieser ve Bradley Dowden, URL = https://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/#SH3b, 3b.
• Gillon, R. “Bioethics, Overview.” Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd ed. içinde, ed. Ruth Chadwick, 267-277. Salt Lake City, UT: Academic Press., 2012.
• Goralnik, L. ve Nelson, M. P. “Anthropocentrism.” Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd ed. içinde, ed. Ruth Chadwick, 145-155. Salt Lake City, UT: Academic Press., 2012.
• Gordon, John-Stewart. “Bioethics.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy içinde, ed. James Fieser ve Bradley Dowden, URL = https://www.iep.utm.edu/bioethic/#SH3b, 3a.
• Horta, Oscar. “Why the Concept of Moral Status Should be Abandoned.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 20 (2017): 899-910.
• Hursthouse, Rosalind. “Moral Status.” The International Encyclopedia of Ethics içinde, ed. Hugh LaFollette, 3422-3432. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
• Jamieson, Dale. Ethics and the Environment: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Jaworska, Agnieszka ve Tannenbaum, Julie. “The Grounds of Moral Status.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition) içinde, ed. Edward N. Zalta, URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/grounds-moral-status/>.
• Jeryan, C. B. “Environmental Ethics.” Environmental Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. içinde, ed. Marci Bortman vd., 489-490. MI: Gale Cengage, 2002.
• Kuhse, Helga; Schüklenk, Udo ve Singer, Peter. “Introduction.” Bioethics: An Anthology içinde, 1-7. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
• Light, Andrew. “Environmental Ethics.” A Companion to Applied Ethics içinde, ed. R. G. Frey ve C. H. Wellman, 633-649. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003.
• Minteer, B. A. “Anthropocentrism.” Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy içinde, ed. J. B. Callicott ve R. Frodeman, 57-59. MI: Macmillan Reference, 2009.
• Morscher, Edgar; Neumaier, Otto ve Simons, Peter. “Introduction to Part I: Environmental Ethics.” Applied Ethics in a Troubled World içinde, ed. E. Morscher, O. Neumaier ve P. Simons, 3-8. Dordrecht: Springer, 1998.
• Morscher, Edgar; Neumaier, Otto ve Simons, Peter. “Introduction To Part II: Bioethics and Medical Ethics.” Applied Ethics in a Troubled World içinde, ed. E. Morscher, O. Neumaier ve P. Simons, 87-92. Dordrecht: Springer, 1998.
• Nelson, Michael P. “Theory.” Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy içinde, ed. J. B. Callicott ve R. Frodeman, 312-316. MI: Macmillan Reference, 2009.
• Newson, Ainsley J. “Personhood and Moral Status.” Principles of Health Care Ethics içinde, ed. Angus Dawson, Richard Ashcroft, John McMillan ve Heather Draper, 277-283. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
• Perring, Christian. “Degrees of Personhood.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 22, no. 2 (1997): 173-197.
• Rowlands, Mark. “Animals That Act for Moral Reasons.” The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics içinde, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp ve R. G. Frey, 520-547. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Sachs, Benjamin. “The Status of Moral Status.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 92, no. 1 (2011): 87-104.
• Sandler, Ronald. “Environmental Ethics, Overview.” Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd ed. içinde, ed. Ruth Chadwick, 105-113. Salt Lake City, UT: Academic Press., 2012.
• Savulescu, Julian. “The Human Prejudice and the Moral Status of Enhanced Beings: What Do We Owe the Gods?” Human Enhancement içinde, ed. Julian Savulescu ve Nick Bostrom, 211-247. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Silvers, Anita. “Moral status: what a bad idea!” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 56 (2012): 1014-1025.
• Singer, Peter. “Introduction.” Applied Ethics içinde, ed. Peter Singer, 1-7. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Sytsma, Justin ve Machery, Edouard. “The Two Sources of Moral Standing.” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 3, no. 3 (2012): 303-324.
• Varner, Gary. “Sentientism.” A Companion to Environmental Philosophy içinde, ed. Dale Jamieson, 192-203. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2001.
• Warren, Mary Anne. “Moral Status.” A Companion to Applied Ethics içinde, ed. R. G. Frey ve C. H. Wellman, 439-450. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
• Warren, Mary Anne. Moral Status. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Wasserman, David; Asch, Adrienne; Blustein, Jeffrey ve Putnam, Daniel. “Cognitive Disability and Moral Status.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition) içinde, ed. Edward N. Zalta, URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/cognitive-disability/>.
• Winkler, E. R. “Applied Ethics, Overview.” Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd ed. içinde, ed. Ruth Chadwick, 174-178. Salt Lake City, UT: Academic Press., 2012.