Mali'de Avrupa Çok Taraflılığı Yoluyla Fransa'nın Tek Taraflı Politikasının Serval Operasyonundan Barkhane Operasyonunun Geri Çekilmesine Kadar Gizlenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 369 - 390, 28.07.2023

Amadou Togola Mehmet Akif Okur

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1333582

Abstract

Bağımsızlık arifesinde Fransa, kıtadaki askeri nüfuzunu sürdürmek amacıyla eski kolonileriyle askeri alanda anlaşmaları imzalamıştır. Bu anlaşmalara dayanarak uzun süredir tek taraflı olarak askeri müdahalelerde bulunmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda, Afrika'da Fransa’nın askeri varlığına yönelik yükselen Fransız karşıtı duyguların, Fransa’yı yeni bir politika izlemeye ittiği görülmektedir. Fransa'nın, son on beş yılda askeri müdahalelerini ve politikalarını çoktaraflılaştırmaya ve Avrupalaştırmaya yöneldiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bunun örneği hem Mali Cumhuriyeti'nde hem de Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nde görülmüştür. Ancak bu makalede, Mali Cumhuriyeti örneği ele alınacaktır. Bu makalede, askeri müdahalenin legal olmadığı, Fransız askeri politikasının Avrupalılaştırılması, tek taraflı askeri müdahalelerinin çok taraflı olarak gösterilmesi ve Afrikalılaştırma gibi kavramları incelenecektir. Birleşmiş Milletler’ in 2012'de Mali'ye yönelik aldığı karara göre askeri müdahalenin tamamen legal olmadığı tespit edildi. 2085 sayılı bu karar bir Afrika müdahalesini sağlamış olabilir. Bu karar, MISAM (Mali’de Afrika Liderliğinde Uluslararası Destek Misyonu) adı altında bir Afrikalı müdahaleyi öngörmüştü. Yani Fransa’nın müdahale yapması planlanmamıştı. Fransa’dan yardım istense de sadece havadan Mali mili ordusuna destek sağlanması talep edilmişti. Ancak hem karadan hem de havadan müdahale gerçekleştirildi. Ardından 2014 ve 2020 yıllarında Barkhane Operasyonu ve Task Force Takuba üzerinde Avrupalı ortaklarla çok taraflı bir askeri politika izlenmeye başladı. Emmanuel Macron, Mali ve SAHEL bölgesinde Fransız asker politikasının Avrupalılaştırılmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır.

Keywords

Mali, Fransa, Tek Taraflılık, AB, Çok Taraflılık, Askeri, Yasadışılık, Afrikalılaşma, Avrupalılaşma

Disguise of France Unilateral Policy through European Multilateralism in Mali from Operation Serval to Withdrawal of Barkhane Operation

Abstract

On the eve of independence, France signed defense treaties with its former African colonies to maintain its military influence across the continent. Accordingly, it routinely made unilateral interventions as it saw fit for decades. However, in recent years, local communities in Africa are resenting the French military presence on their soil and their paternalistic posture in their affairs which many assimilate to neo-colonialism. As a result, France, still intending to pursue its unilateral interests, changed the format of its intervention for a broader European coloration i.e., multilateralism. It is this shift in policy that this study intends to demonstrate in Mali. The concept of the illegality of military intervention, the Europeanization of French military policy, unilateralism disguised as European multilateralism as well as Africanization will be studied in this article. Based on the resolution of the United Nations made on the Republic of Mali in 2012 it is found that the military intervention is not quite legal. Because the 2085 resolution of the United Nations provided African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA). As well, it was not planned for France to intervene. Although assistance was requested from France, only air support was requested for the Mali militia army. However, both land and air interventions were carried out. Then, in 2014 and 2020, a multilateral military policy began to be followed with European partners on the Barkhane Operation and Task Force Takuba. Takuba. Emmanuel Macron played an important role in the Europeanization of French military policy in Mali and SAHEL.

Keywords

Mali, France, Unilateralism, EU, Multilateralism, Military, Illegality, Africanization, Europeanization

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