Research Article

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025)

Volume: 7 Number: 2 June 15, 2026
TR EN

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025)

Abstract

This study examines how digital diplomacy practices contribute to the transformation of international power by analyzing the use of social media platforms as instruments of foreign policy. Focusing on the United States, China and Türkiye, the research investigates how states construct strategic narratives and project international influence through digital communication. The study is based on a dataset of 600 social media posts selected from an initial corpus of 1,800 posts shared between 2022 and 2025 on X (Twitter), Instagram and YouTube accounts of official diplomatic actors. A comparative qualitative research design combining thematic analysis and discourse analysis was employed. Using NVivo software, five main thematic categories were identified: democratic values and normative leadership, development and mutual benefit discourse, humanitarian diplomacy, national image construction and crisis communication. The findings reveal significant differences in digital diplomacy strategies across the three countries. The United States predominantly employs a normative discourse centered on democracy, alliances and global leadership. China emphasizes development cooperation, economic partnerships and `win–win`narratives, reflecting a development-oriented power projection model. Türkiye, in contrast, highlights humanitarian diplomacy, mediation efforts and crisis response, constructing an image of a proactive regional and global humanitarian actor. These differences demonstrate that digital diplomacy functions as a strategic tool for states to reproduce distinct power identities in the international system. The study contributes to the literature by providing an empirically grounded comparative framework that links digital diplomacy practices with international power transformation. It proposes that platform diplomacy should be understood as the intersection of strategic narratives, algorithmic visibility and state communication practices. By combining discourse analysis with cross-national comparison, the research offers a novel perspective on how emerging and established powers utilize digital platforms to reshape global influence.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines.

Thanks

I would like to express my gratitude to my family, whose constant support, patience, and encouragement gave me the strength to complete this study.

References

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  2. Baştan, Y. and Karagül, S. (2021). Diplomasinin dönüşümü ve dijital diplomasi. TroyAcademy, 6(3), 777-803. https://doi.org/10.31454/troyacademy.959312
  3. Bjola, C. and Holmes, M. (2015). Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice. Routledge.
  4. Bjola, C. and Pamment, J. (2019). Countering disinformation: The EU’s experience. Routledge.
  5. Bjola, C. and Zaiotti, R. (Eds.). (2020). Digital diplomacy and international organizations: Autonomy, legitimacy and contestation. Routledge.
  6. Bjola, C. and Pamment, J. (2023). Countering online propaganda and extremism: The dark side of digital diplomacy. Routledge.
  7. Bjola, C. and Manor, I. (2024). The digital diplomacy handbook. Oxford University Press.
  8. Bostancı, M. and Batur, A. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının algı yönetimi ve dijital diplomasi bağlamında Türkiye’ye yansımaları. İletişim ve Diplomasi, (9), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1198050.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Political Communication, Middle East Studies, Politics in International Relations, International Relations (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Cüneyt Yılmaz *
0000-0003-1655-588X
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti

Early Pub Date

June 13, 2026

Publication Date

June 15, 2026

Submission Date

November 17, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 25, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 2

APA
Yılmaz, C. (2026). DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025). Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi, 7(2), 482-505. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1825112
AMA
1.Yılmaz C. DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025). Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi. 2026;7(2):482-505. doi:10.58702/teyd.1825112
Chicago
Yılmaz, Cüneyt. 2026. “DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025)”. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi 7 (2): 482-505. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1825112.
EndNote
Yılmaz C (June 1, 2026) DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025). Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi 7 2 482–505.
IEEE
[1]C. Yılmaz, “DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025)”, Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 482–505, June 2026, doi: 10.58702/teyd.1825112.
ISNAD
Yılmaz, Cüneyt. “DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025)”. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi 7/2 (June 1, 2026): 482-505. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1825112.
JAMA
1.Yılmaz C. DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025). Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi. 2026;7:482–505.
MLA
Yılmaz, Cüneyt. “DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025)”. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 482-05, doi:10.58702/teyd.1825112.
Vancouver
1.Cüneyt Yılmaz. DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND POWER IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES IN THE CASES OF THE U.S., CHINA AND TÜRKİYE (2022–2025). Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi. 2026 Jun. 1;7(2):482-505. doi:10.58702/teyd.1825112