MİLLETLERARASI KARŞI TİCARET SÖZLEŞMELERİNE UYGULANACAK HUKUK

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 133 - 156, 30.06.2021

Ceren Sayın

Abstract

Son zamanlarda tacirler arasında fazlasıyla tercih edilen milletlerarası karşı ticaret sözleşmeleri geniş kapsamlı birçok yasal sorunu gündeme getirmektedir. Bu makale, karşı ticaret ve türlerini kısaca tanıtıp yabancılık unsuru bulunan sözleşmelerde uygulanacak hukuk konusunu doğrudan uygulanacak hukuk kuralları ve hukuk seçimi kapsamında ele alacaktır. Öncelikle UNCITRAL’ın da yaptığı ayrıma göre karşı ticaret sözleşmeleri dört ana türde incelenecek ve ardından karşı ticaret sözleşmelerinin milletlerarası özel hukuk anlamında uygulanacak hukuk bakımından etkileri irdelenecektir.

Keywords

Karşı ticaret sözleşmeleri, uygulanacak hukuk, tarafların hukuk seçimi, doğrudan uygulanan hukuk kuralları

ANWENDBARES RECHT AUF INTERNATIONALE GEGENHANDELSVEREINBARUNGEN

Abstract

Internationale Gegenhandelsabkommen, die heutzutage bei Händlern sehr bevorzugt werden, werfen viele weitreichende rechtliche Probleme auf. In diesem Artikel werden der Gegenhandel und seine Arten kurz vorgestellt und das anwendbare Recht in Verträgen mit ausländischen Elementen im Rahmen der vorrangigen Regeln und der Rechtswahl erörtert. Zunächst werden nach der von UNCITRAL getroffenen Unterscheidung Gegenhandelsverträge in vier Haupttypen untersucht und anschließend die anwendungsrechtlichen Auswirkungen von Gegenhandelsverträgen im Sinne des internationalen Privatrechts untersucht.

Keywords

Gegenhandelsabkommen, anwendbares Recht, Rechtswahl, vorrangige Regeln

APPLICABLE LAW TO INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TRADE AGREEMENTS

Abstract

International counter-trade agreements, which are nowadays highly preferred among traders, raise many wide-ranging legal problems. This article will briefly introduce the counter-trade and its types and discuss the applicable law in contracts with foreign elements within the scope of overriding rules and choice of law. First of all, according to the distinction made by UNCITRAL, counter-trade contracts will be examined in four main types and then the effects of counter-trade contracts in terms of applicable law in the sense of international private law will be examined.

Keywords

Counter-trade agreement, applicable law, choice of law, overriding rules

References

• Akıncı, Ziya (2020) Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Ders Kitabı, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Vedat.
• Baker, S.A & Cunningham, R.O. (1983) ‘Countertrade and Trade Law’ Journal of Comparative Business and Capital Market Law, Vol: 5, No:4, s. 375-394.
• Can, Hacı & Toker, Ali Gümrah (2016) Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Ders Kitabı, 1.Baskı, Ankara, Adalet.
• Doğan, Vahit (2020) Milletlerarası Ticaret Hukuku, 6.Baskı, Ankara, Adalet.
• Esteban de la Rosa, Gloria (2011) ‘International Countertrade – Rules and Practices’ International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol:2, No:15, s. 273-283.
• Ferrari, F. & Flechtner, H. & Brand, R. (2004) The Draft UNCITRAL Digest And Beyond: Cases, Analysis and Unresolved Issues in the U.N. Sales Convention, München, European Law Publishers.
• Grabow, John C. (1984) ‘Negotiating and Drafting Contracts in International Barter and Countertrade Transactions’ North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol:9, No:2, s.255-271.
• Guyot, Cedric (1986) ‘Countertrade Contracts in International Business’ The International Lawyer, Vol:20, No:3, s. 921-959.
• Hennart, J.F. & Anderson, Erin (1993) ‘Countertrade And The Minimisation Of Transaction Costs: An Empirical Examination’ Journal of Law, Economics & Organisation, Vol:9, No:2, s. 290–313.
• Honnold, John O (1999) Uniform Law For International Sales Under the 1980 United Nations Convention, 3. Edition, the Netherlands, Kluwer Law International.
• Horowitz, Andrew J. (2010) ‘Revisiting Barter Under the CISG’ Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol:29, No:1, s. 99-115.
• Howse, Robert (2010) ‘Beyond The Countertrade Taboo: Why The WTO Should Take Another Look At Barter And Countertrade’ The University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol:60, No:2, s. 289-314.
• Kösoğlu, Mehmet (2008) ‘Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakkında Kanunun 31. Maddesi: Sözleşme ile Sıkı İlişkili Üçüncü Bir Devletin Doğrudan Uygulanan Kurallarına Etki Tanınması’ Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, S:28, No:1-2, s. 147-172.
• Kreuze, Jerry G. (1997) ‘International Countertrade’ Internal Auditor, Vol:54 No:2.
• Lochner, Scott J. (1985) ‘Guide to Countertrade and International Barter’ The International Lawyer, Vol:19, No:3, s. 725-759.
• Mehta, Vikra S. (1978) ‘Barter: An Analysis of Oil for Commodity Barter Deals’ India International Centre Quarterly, Vol:5, No:4, s. 193-201.
• Nassimbeni, Guido & Sartor, Marco (2009) ‘Countertrade: Literature Review and Directions for Research’ POMS 20th Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida U.S.A.
• Oh, Marie J. (1985) ‘The Need for a United States Countertrade Policy’ Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, Vol:7, No:1.
• Tüysüz, Cemre (2019) ‘Milletlerarası Ticari Tahkimde Üçüncü Devletin Doğrudan Uygulanan Kurallarının Tatbiki’ Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, S:14, s. 463-500.
• Van Dort, Joseph J. & Friese, Eliard (1987) ‘Coimterpurchase Contracts and Their Contractual Issues’ Penn State International Law Review, Vol:6, No:1, s. 45-59.
• Verdun, Vincene (1985) ‘Are Governmentally Imposed Countertrade Requirements Violations of the GATT?’, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol:11, No:1, s. 191-216.
• Vural Çelenk, Belkıs (2017) ‘Yabancı Unsurlu İş Sözleşmelerinde For Devletinin Doğrudan Uygulanan Kurallarının Tespiti ve Uygulanması’ Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi, S:1, s. 277-298.
• Urapeepatanapong, Kitipong (1987) ‘Legal Aspects of Countertrade under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the National Laws of Canada and Thailand’ (Master), The University of British Columbia.
• Zarin, Donald (1988) ‘Countertrade and the Law’ George Washington Journal of International Law and Economic, Vol:18, No:2, s. 235-296.
• UNCITRAL Legal Guide on International Countertrade Transactions, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), United Nations Publication, E.93.V.7, ISBN 92-1-133444-6, New York, 1993.
• Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Dec. 22, 1986, The Hague.
• T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Hukuk Sözlüğü <https://sozluk.adalet.gov.tr/Harf/S?Sayfa=2> s.e.t. 04.11.2020.
• Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry Russia, 9 Mar. 2004, http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/040309r1.html > s.e.t. 04.11.2020.
• Russia 11 September 1998 Arbitration proceeding 407/1996, <http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/980911r1.html > s.e.t. 04.11.2020.