Abstract
Bu makale, uzun metrajlı filmler için bölgesel lisansların rolünü AB'deki yargı ve piyasa gelişmelerinin arka planına göre tartışmaktadır. Şu anda, bölgesel lisanslar Avrupa'da filmlerin işletilmesi ve finanse edilmesinin temel taşı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, mevcut film finansmanı modelleri, hem küresel çevrimiçi video platformlarının çalkantılı büyümesi gibi pazar gelişmelerinden hem de tek pazara ulusal-bölgesel engelleri kaldırmayı amaçlayan AB hukukundaki gelişmelerden dolayı artan bir baskı altındadır. Dağıtım hakkının birlik çapında tüketilmesi kuralı, AB Taşınabilirlik Tüzüğü ve uydu yayını ve çevrimiçi eşzamanlı yayın için menşei ülke kuralları bunlara örnek olarak verilebilir. AB rekabet hukuku, bölgesel münhasırlık verilmesine ek sınırlar koymakta ve lisanssız bölgelerdeki tüketicilere/izleyicilere "pasif" satışları engelleyen veya kısıtlayan yayıncılık ve ödemeli televizyon lisanslarına ilişkin hükümleri yasaklamaktadır. Altta yatan bölgesel haklar artık bölgesel hibeleri desteklemediğinden, hak sahiplerinin sözleşme yoluyla bölgesel münhasırlığı koruma özgürlüğü, AB rekabet hukukuna karşı giderek daha savunmasız hale gelecektir. Bölgesel münhasırlığın vazgeçilmez olduğu film sektörü için, Avrupa Komisyonu "grup muafiyetleri" şeklinde belirli rekabet hukuku kuralları oluşturabilir. Dil münhasırlığı -yani, bir filmin farklı dil versiyonları için münhasır hakların verilmesi- bölgesel lisanslamaya pratik ve yasal olarak daha güçlü bir alternatif sağlayabilir.
References
- Cabrera Blazquez, Francisco Javier; Cappello Maja; Grece Christian and Valais Sophie (2015) Territoriality and its impact on the financing of audiovisual works. IRIS Plus 2015–2:1–69
- Caves Richard E. (2000) Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
- Commission European (2014) Report on the responses to the public consultation on the review of the EU copyright rules. DG Internal Market and Services, Brussels, BE
- Croy W. Glen (2004) The Lord of the Rings, New Zealand, and tourism: Image building with film. Department of Management Working Paper Series No. 10/04. Monash University Business and Economics, Melbourne, AU
- EAO/European Audiovisual Observatory (2018a) Yearbook 2017/2018. Key trends, Strasbourg, FR
- EAO/European Audiovisual Observatory (2018b) Focus 2018. World film market trends, Strasbourg, FR
- European Commission (2002) Report from the European Commission on the application of Council Directive 93/83/EEC on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission. COM(2002) 430 final. Brussels
- European Commission (2012) Europeans and their languages. Special Eurobarometer 386. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2015a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Towards a modern, more European copyright framework. COM(2015) 626 final. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2015b) A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe – Analysis and Evidence. Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.mSWD(2015) 100 final. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2016) Impact assessment on the modernisation of EU Copyright rules. Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market and Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes. SWD (2016) 301 Final. Brussels, BE
- European Copyright Society (2014) Letter to Mr Gu ̈nther Oettinger, Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society, European Commission, on the Unification of Copyright Law. https://europeancopyrightsocietydotorg.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/ecs_letter_to_oettinger_fin-1.pdf S.e.t. 15.11.2019
- European Parliament (2007) Consumer confidence in the digital environment. European Parliament resolution of 21 June 2007 on consumer confidence in the digital environment (2006/2048(INI)). P6- TA(2007)0287. Brussels, BE
- European Parliament, Committee on Legal Affairs (2017) Report on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (COM(2016)0594 – C8-0384/2016 – 2016/0284(COD)). A8-0378/ 2017. Brussels, BE
- Eurostat (2019) Migration and migrant population statistics. https://bit.ly/2WifFjt S.e.t. 15.11.2019
- FIAD/International Federation of Film Distributors’ Associations (2017) Position Paper on the European Commission Proposal on Regulation on certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (Revisited Sat/Cab). Brussels, BE
- Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Martens, Bertin (2015) Language, copyright and geographic segmentation in the EU Digital Single Market for music and film. JRC/IPTS Digital Economy Working Paper, 2015-04. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/JRC92236_Language_Copyright.pdf s.e.t. 15.11.2019
- Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2009) SatCab revisited: the past, present and future of the satellite and cable directive. IRIS plus 2009–8:7–19
- Kanzler, Martin (2018) Fiction film financing in Europe: a sample analysis of films released in 2016. European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, FR
- Langus, Gregor; Neven, Damien & Poukens, Sophie (2014) Economic Analysis of the Territoriality of the Making Available Right in the EU. Prepared for DG Markt, European Commission. Charles River Associates/ European Union, Brussels, BE
- Oxera, Oliver & Ohlbaum (2016) The impact of cross-border access to audiovisual content on EU consumers, London, UK https://www.oxera.com/wp-con-tent/uploads/media/oxera_library/downloads/2016-05-13-Cross-border-report-(final).pdf s.e.t. 19.02.2021
- Oxford Economics (2013) Economic contribution of the Dutch film and audio-visual industry. Final Report September 2013, Oxford, UK
- Poort, Joost; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt; Lindhout, Peter and van Til, Gijs (2019) Research for Committee on Culture and Education (CULT)—Film financing and the Digital Single Market: its future, the role of territoriality and new models of financing. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels, BE
- President Juncker of the European Commission (2014) Mission Letter to Commissioner Oettinger. 1 November 2014. Brussels, BE
- voor Cultuur, Raad (2018) Zicht op zoveel meer. Den Haag, NL
- Schulte-Nölke, Hans; Zoll, Fryderyk; Macierzyńska-Franaszczyk Elwira; Stefan, Sebastian; Charlton Shaun; Barmscheid Marc & Kubela Monika (2013) Discrimination of Consumers in the Digital Single Market. Study for the European Parliament’s Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. November 2013. PE 507.456. Brussels, BE
- Triaille, Jean-Paul (2013) Study on the Application of Directive 2001/29/EC on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society (The ‘‘Infosoc Directive’’). Brussels, BE
Abstract
This article discusses the role of territorial licences for feature films against the background of judicial and market developments in the EU. Currently, territorial licences are deemed a cornerstone of the exploitation and financing of films in Europe. However, current models of film financing are under increasing pressure both from market developments such as the turbulent growth of global online video platforms, and from developments in EU law aimed at removing national territorial barriers to the Single Market. Examples are the rule of Union- wide exhaustion of the distribution right, the EU Portability Regulation and the country of origin rules for satellite broadcasting and online simulcasting. EU competition law sets additional limits to grants of territorial exclusivity, and pro- hibits clauses in broadcasting and pay television licences that prevent or restrict ‘‘passive’’ sales to consumers/viewers in non-licensed territories. The freedom of right holders to preserve territorial exclusivity by way of contract is likely to become increasingly vulnerable to EU competition law, as underlying territorial rights no longer support territorial grants. For the film sector where territorial exclusivity remains indispensable, the European Commission could create specific competition law rules in the form of ‘‘block exemptions’’. Language exclusivity – i.e. exclusive grants of rights for distinct language versions of a film – could provide a practical and legally more robust alternative to territorial licensing.
References
- Cabrera Blazquez, Francisco Javier; Cappello Maja; Grece Christian and Valais Sophie (2015) Territoriality and its impact on the financing of audiovisual works. IRIS Plus 2015–2:1–69
- Caves Richard E. (2000) Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
- Commission European (2014) Report on the responses to the public consultation on the review of the EU copyright rules. DG Internal Market and Services, Brussels, BE
- Croy W. Glen (2004) The Lord of the Rings, New Zealand, and tourism: Image building with film. Department of Management Working Paper Series No. 10/04. Monash University Business and Economics, Melbourne, AU
- EAO/European Audiovisual Observatory (2018a) Yearbook 2017/2018. Key trends, Strasbourg, FR
- EAO/European Audiovisual Observatory (2018b) Focus 2018. World film market trends, Strasbourg, FR
- European Commission (2002) Report from the European Commission on the application of Council Directive 93/83/EEC on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission. COM(2002) 430 final. Brussels
- European Commission (2012) Europeans and their languages. Special Eurobarometer 386. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2015a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Towards a modern, more European copyright framework. COM(2015) 626 final. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2015b) A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe – Analysis and Evidence. Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.mSWD(2015) 100 final. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2016) Impact assessment on the modernisation of EU Copyright rules. Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market and Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes. SWD (2016) 301 Final. Brussels, BE
- European Copyright Society (2014) Letter to Mr Gu ̈nther Oettinger, Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society, European Commission, on the Unification of Copyright Law. https://europeancopyrightsocietydotorg.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/ecs_letter_to_oettinger_fin-1.pdf S.e.t. 15.11.2019
- European Parliament (2007) Consumer confidence in the digital environment. European Parliament resolution of 21 June 2007 on consumer confidence in the digital environment (2006/2048(INI)). P6- TA(2007)0287. Brussels, BE
- European Parliament, Committee on Legal Affairs (2017) Report on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (COM(2016)0594 – C8-0384/2016 – 2016/0284(COD)). A8-0378/ 2017. Brussels, BE
- Eurostat (2019) Migration and migrant population statistics. https://bit.ly/2WifFjt S.e.t. 15.11.2019
- FIAD/International Federation of Film Distributors’ Associations (2017) Position Paper on the European Commission Proposal on Regulation on certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (Revisited Sat/Cab). Brussels, BE
- Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Martens, Bertin (2015) Language, copyright and geographic segmentation in the EU Digital Single Market for music and film. JRC/IPTS Digital Economy Working Paper, 2015-04. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/JRC92236_Language_Copyright.pdf s.e.t. 15.11.2019
- Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2009) SatCab revisited: the past, present and future of the satellite and cable directive. IRIS plus 2009–8:7–19
- Kanzler, Martin (2018) Fiction film financing in Europe: a sample analysis of films released in 2016. European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, FR
- Langus, Gregor; Neven, Damien & Poukens, Sophie (2014) Economic Analysis of the Territoriality of the Making Available Right in the EU. Prepared for DG Markt, European Commission. Charles River Associates/ European Union, Brussels, BE
- Oxera, Oliver & Ohlbaum (2016) The impact of cross-border access to audiovisual content on EU consumers, London, UK https://www.oxera.com/wp-con-tent/uploads/media/oxera_library/downloads/2016-05-13-Cross-border-report-(final).pdf s.e.t. 19.02.2021
- Oxford Economics (2013) Economic contribution of the Dutch film and audio-visual industry. Final Report September 2013, Oxford, UK
- Poort, Joost; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt; Lindhout, Peter and van Til, Gijs (2019) Research for Committee on Culture and Education (CULT)—Film financing and the Digital Single Market: its future, the role of territoriality and new models of financing. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels, BE
- President Juncker of the European Commission (2014) Mission Letter to Commissioner Oettinger. 1 November 2014. Brussels, BE
- voor Cultuur, Raad (2018) Zicht op zoveel meer. Den Haag, NL
- Schulte-Nölke, Hans; Zoll, Fryderyk; Macierzyńska-Franaszczyk Elwira; Stefan, Sebastian; Charlton Shaun; Barmscheid Marc & Kubela Monika (2013) Discrimination of Consumers in the Digital Single Market. Study for the European Parliament’s Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. November 2013. PE 507.456. Brussels, BE
- Triaille, Jean-Paul (2013) Study on the Application of Directive 2001/29/EC on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society (The ‘‘Infosoc Directive’’). Brussels, BE
Abstract
This article discusses the role of territorial licences for feature films against the background of judicial and market developments in the EU. Currently, territorial licences are deemed a cornerstone of the exploitation and financing of films in Europe. However, current models of film financing are under increasing pressure both from market developments such as the turbulent growth of global online video platforms, and from developments in EU law aimed at removing national territorial barriers to the Single Market. Examples are the rule of Union- wide exhaustion of the distribution right, the EU Portability Regulation and the country of origin rules for satellite broadcasting and online simulcasting. EU competition law sets additional limits to grants of territorial exclusivity, and pro- hibits clauses in broadcasting and pay television licences that prevent or restrict ‘‘passive’’ sales to consumers/viewers in non-licensed territories. The freedom of right holders to preserve territorial exclusivity by way of contract is likely to become increasingly vulnerable to EU competition law, as underlying territorial rights no longer support territorial grants. For the film sector where territorial exclusivity remains indispensable, the European Commission could create specific competition law rules in the form of ‘‘block exemptions’’. Language exclusivity – i.e. exclusive grants of rights for distinct language versions of a film – could provide a practical and legally more robust alternative to territorial licensing.
References
- Cabrera Blazquez, Francisco Javier; Cappello Maja; Grece Christian and Valais Sophie (2015) Territoriality and its impact on the financing of audiovisual works. IRIS Plus 2015–2:1–69
- Caves Richard E. (2000) Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
- Commission European (2014) Report on the responses to the public consultation on the review of the EU copyright rules. DG Internal Market and Services, Brussels, BE
- Croy W. Glen (2004) The Lord of the Rings, New Zealand, and tourism: Image building with film. Department of Management Working Paper Series No. 10/04. Monash University Business and Economics, Melbourne, AU
- EAO/European Audiovisual Observatory (2018a) Yearbook 2017/2018. Key trends, Strasbourg, FR
- EAO/European Audiovisual Observatory (2018b) Focus 2018. World film market trends, Strasbourg, FR
- European Commission (2002) Report from the European Commission on the application of Council Directive 93/83/EEC on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission. COM(2002) 430 final. Brussels
- European Commission (2012) Europeans and their languages. Special Eurobarometer 386. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2015a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Towards a modern, more European copyright framework. COM(2015) 626 final. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2015b) A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe – Analysis and Evidence. Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.mSWD(2015) 100 final. Brussels, BE
- European Commission (2016) Impact assessment on the modernisation of EU Copyright rules. Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market and Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes. SWD (2016) 301 Final. Brussels, BE
- European Copyright Society (2014) Letter to Mr Gu ̈nther Oettinger, Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society, European Commission, on the Unification of Copyright Law. https://europeancopyrightsocietydotorg.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/ecs_letter_to_oettinger_fin-1.pdf S.e.t. 15.11.2019
- European Parliament (2007) Consumer confidence in the digital environment. European Parliament resolution of 21 June 2007 on consumer confidence in the digital environment (2006/2048(INI)). P6- TA(2007)0287. Brussels, BE
- European Parliament, Committee on Legal Affairs (2017) Report on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (COM(2016)0594 – C8-0384/2016 – 2016/0284(COD)). A8-0378/ 2017. Brussels, BE
- Eurostat (2019) Migration and migrant population statistics. https://bit.ly/2WifFjt S.e.t. 15.11.2019
- FIAD/International Federation of Film Distributors’ Associations (2017) Position Paper on the European Commission Proposal on Regulation on certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (Revisited Sat/Cab). Brussels, BE
- Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Martens, Bertin (2015) Language, copyright and geographic segmentation in the EU Digital Single Market for music and film. JRC/IPTS Digital Economy Working Paper, 2015-04. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/JRC92236_Language_Copyright.pdf s.e.t. 15.11.2019
- Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2009) SatCab revisited: the past, present and future of the satellite and cable directive. IRIS plus 2009–8:7–19
- Kanzler, Martin (2018) Fiction film financing in Europe: a sample analysis of films released in 2016. European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, FR
- Langus, Gregor; Neven, Damien & Poukens, Sophie (2014) Economic Analysis of the Territoriality of the Making Available Right in the EU. Prepared for DG Markt, European Commission. Charles River Associates/ European Union, Brussels, BE
- Oxera, Oliver & Ohlbaum (2016) The impact of cross-border access to audiovisual content on EU consumers, London, UK https://www.oxera.com/wp-con-tent/uploads/media/oxera_library/downloads/2016-05-13-Cross-border-report-(final).pdf s.e.t. 19.02.2021
- Oxford Economics (2013) Economic contribution of the Dutch film and audio-visual industry. Final Report September 2013, Oxford, UK
- Poort, Joost; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt; Lindhout, Peter and van Til, Gijs (2019) Research for Committee on Culture and Education (CULT)—Film financing and the Digital Single Market: its future, the role of territoriality and new models of financing. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels, BE
- President Juncker of the European Commission (2014) Mission Letter to Commissioner Oettinger. 1 November 2014. Brussels, BE
- voor Cultuur, Raad (2018) Zicht op zoveel meer. Den Haag, NL
- Schulte-Nölke, Hans; Zoll, Fryderyk; Macierzyńska-Franaszczyk Elwira; Stefan, Sebastian; Charlton Shaun; Barmscheid Marc & Kubela Monika (2013) Discrimination of Consumers in the Digital Single Market. Study for the European Parliament’s Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. November 2013. PE 507.456. Brussels, BE
- Triaille, Jean-Paul (2013) Study on the Application of Directive 2001/29/EC on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society (The ‘‘Infosoc Directive’’). Brussels, BE
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Law in Context |
| Journal Section | Translations |
| Translators | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2021 |
| Submission Date | January 31, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 |
