Nano-ilaç taşıma sistemleri ve toksikolojik değerlendirmeleri

Öz

Bilim ve teknoloji dünyasına 1960’lı yılların başından itibaren giren nanoteknoloji, nanometre boyutundaki parçacıkların Nanoteknoloji günümüzde organik kimya, moleküler biyoloji, endüstri, elektronik ve sağlık gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Nanoteknolojinin özellikle sağlık alanında kullanılması ile hastalıkların erken teşhisi, önlenmesi ve daha iyi takibi mümkün olabilmektedir. Beşeri ve veteriner hekimlikte ilaç etkin maddelerinin çeşitli nedenlerle etki yerinde istenen yoğunluğa ulaşamaması veya toksik düzeyin üstüne çıkması sıklıkla karşılaşılan istenmeyen durumlardır. Bu nedenle bütün dünyada etkin maddeyi hedef bölgeye yüksek yoğunluklarda ulaştıran ve istenmeyen etkileri mümkün olduğunca azaltan ilaç taşıma sistemleri elde edilmesi için çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu amaçla son yıllarda nanoteknoloji yardımıyla geliştirilen nano-ilaç salınım sistemleri ile birlikte ilaç aktif maddeleri etki yerinde yeterli yoğunluğa ulaştırılabilmekte, sadece hedeflenen organ, doku ve hücrelerde etkin olabilmekte ve kullanılan doz ve doz aralığı azaltılarak istenmeyen etkilerin önüne geçilebilmektedir. Bunun gibi birçok avantaja sahip olmasına rağmen nano-ilaç komplekslerinin boyutları ve bileşenlerinin çok küçük olması nedeniyle, insan ve evcil hayvanların bu yapılara maruziyet riski oldukça artmıştır ve toksik etkilerinin olup olmadığı tartışmalı hale gelmiştir. Bu nedenle nano-ilaç salınım sistemlerinin güvenliklerinin çalışmalar önem kazanmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalarda nanomateryallerin hücrelerde apoptoz, nekroz, otofaji, mitotik yıkımlanma gibi istenmeyen etkilere yol açtıkları rapor edilmiştir. Ancak bu tür sonuçların elde edildiği toksikolojik araştırmalar daha çok in vitro denemelerdir ve in vivo çalışmaların yetersizliğinden dolayı nanoilaç ve nano-ilaç taşıma sistemlerinin canlı vücudu üzerindeki etkileri tam olarak ortaya konamamıştır. Bu nedenle nano-ilaçların toksisitesi konusunda ayrıntılı, sistematik ve uzun soluklu in vivo çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, önemli nano-ilaç ve nano-ilaç taşıma sistemleri ile ilaç taşıma sistemlerinde kullanılan nanomateryallerin toksisitesi ve güvenli kullanımları değerlendirilmiştir.tespitine yönelik toksikolojik

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nano-ilaç, taşıma sistemleri, toksisite

Nano-drug delivery systems and their toxicological assessment

Abstract

Nanotechnology, which involved in the science and technology from beginning of 1960s, defined as science of nano-sized particles. Nanotechnology is used in many fields, such as organic chemistry, molecular biology, industry, electronic and medicine. Thanks to usage of nanotechnology in the health sector, early diagnosis, prevention and better monitoring of diseases can be possible. Lower access of drug active ingredients than desired concentrations and their higher accumulations than the toxic levels in the action point are usual adverse effects in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, studies are performed worldwide on drug delivery systems for transferring active ingredients in high concentrations to the target place and for reducing adverse effects as much as possible. Owing to nano-drug delivery systems, active ingredients can be transported to the effect point; they can be effective only in the target organ, tissue and cells; dose and dose intervals can be reduced and adverse effects can be decreased. But, because of small sizes of nano-drug complexes, exposure risk of humans and domestic animals to these materials increased and their toxic effects became conflictive. Thus, toxicity evcil hayvanların bu yapılara maruziyet riski oldukça artmıştır ve toksik etkilerinin olup olmadığı tartışmalı hale gelmiştir. Bu nedenle nano-ilaç salınım sistemlerinin güvenliklerinin çalışmalar önem kazanmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalarda nanomateryallerin hücrelerde apoptoz, nekroz, otofaji, mitotik yıkımlanma gibi istenmeyen etkilere yol açtıkları rapor edilmiştir. Ancak bu tür sonuçların elde edildiği toksikolojik araştırmalar daha çok in vitro denemelerdir ve in vivo çalışmaların yetersizliğinden dolayı nanoilaç ve nano-ilaç taşıma sistemlerinin canlı vücudu üzerindeki etkileri tam olarak ortaya konamamıştır. Bu nedenle nano-ilaçların toksisitesi konusunda ayrıntılı, sistematik ve uzun soluklu in vivo çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, önemli nano-ilaç ve nano-ilaç taşıma sistemleri ile ilaç taşıma sistemlerinde kullanılan nanomateryallerin toksisitesi ve güvenli kullanımları değerlendirilmiştir.tespitine yönelik toksikolojik

Keywords

• Nano-drug, delivery systems, toxicity

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