The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review

Robert Madalin Chivu; Jorge Martins; Florin Popescu; Ion V. Ion; Uzuneanu Krisztina; Michael Fratita

The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review

Abstract

This paper reviews research on the effects of substituting diesel oil with mixtures containing turpentine on the performance and emissions of internal combustion engines. Studies have shown that turpentine-diesel blends offer several potential benefits when used as fuel. In some cases, significant reductions of up to 10% in fuel consumption have been observed. Overall, pollutant emissions decreased, with reduction in smoke opacity exceeding 40%, as reported in some studies. Certain blends exhibited increased engine performance, potentially due to improved fuel atomization from the lower viscosity of the mixture. Additionally, studies have documented thermal efficiency gains exceeding 3% in specific cases. However, the effectiveness of these blends is highly dependent on several factors, including the source of the turpentine (its geographic origin can significantly impact its properties and suitability for blending); the injection pressure (which is crucial for maximizing the benefits of the blend) and the proportion of the turpentine in the mixture (which significantly influences the observed effects).

Keywords

References

[1] Doori WHA, Ali OM, Ahmed AH, Koten H. Comparative study of biodiesel production from different waste oil sources for optimum operation conditions and better engine performance. J Ther Eng 2022;8:457-465. [CrossRef]
[2] Joshi MP, Thipse SS. Combustion analysis of CI engine fuelled with algae biofuel blends. J Ther Eng 2019;5:214-220. [CrossRef]
[3] Yang Y, Tian Z, Lan Y, Wang S, Chen H. An overview of biofuel power generation on policies and finance environment, applied biofuels, device and performance. J Traffic Transp Eng (Engl Ed) 2021;8(4):534-53. [CrossRef]
[4] Jurić F, Krajcar M, Duić N, Vujanović M. Investigating the pollutant formation and combustion characteristics of biofuels in compression ignition engines: a numerical study. Therm Sci Eng Prog 2023;43:101939. [CrossRef]
[5] Velavan A, Saravanan CG, Vikneswaran M, James Gunasekaran E, Sasikala J. Visualization of in-cylinder combustion flame and evaluation of engine characteristics of MPFI engine fueled by lemon peel oil blended gasoline. Fuel 2020;263:116728. [CrossRef]
[6] Manoj BA, Saravanan CG, Vikneswaran M, Edwin Jeo V, Sasikala J. Visualization of in-cylinder combustion using endoscope in spark ignition engine fueled with pine oil blended gasoline. Fuel 2020;263:116707. [CrossRef]
[7] Elfasakhany A. Exhaust emissions and performance of ternary iso-butanol-bio-methanol-gasoline and n-butanol-bio-ethanol-gasoline fuel blends in spark-ignition engines: assessment and comparison. Energy 2018;158:830-844. [CrossRef]
[8] Altarazi YSM, Abu TAR, Yu J, Gires E, Abdul GMF, Lucas J, et al. Effects of biofuel on engines performance and emission characteristics: a review. Energy 2022;238:121910. [CrossRef]

[9] Singh D, Sharma D, Soni SL, Inda CS, Sharma S, Sharma PK, et al. A comprehensive review of physicochemical properties, production process, performance and emissions characteristics of 2nd generation biodiesel feedstock: Jatropha curcas. Fuel 2021;285:119110. [CrossRef]
[10] Bibin C, Gopinath S, Aravindraj R, Devaraj A, Gokula KS, Jeevaananthan JKS. The production of biodiesel from castor oil as a potential feedstock and its usage in compression ignition engine: a comprehensive review. Mater Today Proc 2020;33:84-92. [CrossRef]
[11] Elkelawy M, Alm-Eldin BH, El Shenawy EA, Taha M, Panchal H, Sadasivuni KK. Study of performance, combustion, and emissions parameters of DI-diesel engine fueled with algae biodiesel/diesel/n-pentane blends. Energy Convers Manag 2021;10:100058. [CrossRef]
[12] Muruganantham P, Pandiyan P, Sathyamurthy R. Analysis on performance and emission characteristics of corn oil methyl ester blended with diesel and cerium oxide nanoparticle. Case Stud Therm Eng 20211;26:101077. [CrossRef]
[13] Elkelawy M, Bastawissi HAE, El Shenawy EA, Shams MM, Panchal H, Sadasivuni KK, et al. Influence of lean premixed ratio of PCCI-DI engine fueled by diesel/biodiesel blends on combustion, performance, and emission attributes; a comparison study. Energy Convers Manag 2021;10:100066. [CrossRef]
[14] Reang NM, Dey S, Debbarma B, Deb M, Debbarma J. Experimental investigation on combustion, performance and emission analysis of 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with neem methyl ester-rice wine alcohol-diesel blend. Fuel 2020;1:271. [CrossRef]
[15] Verhelst S, Turner JW, Sileghem L, Vancoillie J. Methanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2019;70:43-88. [CrossRef]
[16] Hassan QH, Shaker Abdul Ridha G, Hafedh KAH, Alalwan HA. The impact of methanol-diesel compound on the performance of a four-stroke CI engine. Mater Today Proc 2021;42:1993-1999. [CrossRef]
[17] Elzahaby AM, Elkelawy M, Bastawissi HAE, El Malla SM, Naceb AMM. Kinetic modeling and experimental study on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a PCCI engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blends. Egyptian J Pet 2018;27:927-937. [CrossRef]
[18] Raza M, Chen L, Ruiz R, Chu H. Influence of pentanol and dimethyl ether blending with diesel on the combustion performance and emission characteristics in a compression ignition engine under low temperature combustion mode. J Energy Inst 2019;92:1658-1669. [CrossRef]
[19] Barsic NJ, Humke AL. Performance and emissions characteristics of a naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuels. SAE Transactions 1981;90:1173-1187. [CrossRef]
[20] Bhattacharyya S, Reddy CS. Vegetable oils as fuels for internal combustion engines: a review. J Agric Eng Res 1994;57:157-166. [CrossRef]
[21] Kowalewicz A, Wojtyniak M. Alternative fuels and their application to combustion engines. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D 2005;219:103-125. [CrossRef]
[22] Neis FA, de Costa F, de Araújo AT, Fett JP, Fett-Neto AG. Multiple industrial uses of non-wood pine products. Ind Crops Prod 2019;130:248-258. [CrossRef]
[23] Roschat W, Phewphong S, Inthachai S, Donpamee K, Phudeetip N, Leelatam T, et al. A highly efficient and cost-effective liquid biofuel for agricultural diesel engines from ternary blending of distilled Yang-Na (Dipterocarpus alatus) oil, waste cooking oil biodiesel, and petroleum diesel oil. Renew Energy Focus 2024;48:100540. [CrossRef]
[24] Millinger M, Reichenberg L, Hedenus F, Berndes G, Zeyen E, Brown T. Are biofuel mandates cost-effective? - An analysis of transport fuels and biomass usage to achieve emissions targets in the European energy system. Appl Energy 2022;326:120016. [CrossRef]
[25] Sivakumar P, Anbarasu K, Renganathan S. Bio-diesel production by alkali catalyzed transesterification of dairy waste scum. Fuel 2011;90:147-151. [CrossRef]
[26] Sendzikiene E, Makareviciene V, Gumbyte M. Reactive extraction and fermental transesterification of rapeseed oil with butanol in diesel fuel media. Fuel Process Technol 2015;138:758-764. [CrossRef]
[27] Pauline JMN, Sivaramakrishnan R, Pugazhendhi A, Anbarasan T, Achary A. Transesterification kinetics of waste cooking oil and its diesel engine performance. Fuel 2021;285:119108. [CrossRef]
[28] Iha OK, Alves FCSC, Suarez PAZ, Silva CRP, Meneghetti MR, Meneghetti SMP. Potential application of Terminalia catappa L. and Carapa guianensis oils for biofuel production: physical-chemical properties of neat vegetable oils, their methyl-esters and bio-oils (hydrocarbons). Ind Crops Prod 2014;52:95-98. [CrossRef]
[29] Knothe G, Cermak SC, Evangelista RL. Methyl esters from vegetable oils with hydroxy fatty acids: Comparison of lesquerella and castor methyl esters. Fuel 2012;96:535-540. [CrossRef]
[30] Oliveira LP, Montenegro MdA, Lima FCA, Suarez PAZ, da Silva EC, Meneghetti MR, et al. Biofuel production from Pachira aquatic Aubl and Magonia pubescens A St-Hil: physical-chemical properties of neat vegetable oils, methyl-esters and bio-oils (hydrocarbons). Ind Crops Prod 2019;127:158-163. [CrossRef]
[31] Martínez G, Sánchez N, Encinar JM, González JF. Fuel properties of biodiesel from vegetable oils and oil mixtures. Influence of methyl esters distribution. Biomass Bioenergy 2014;63:22-32. [CrossRef]
[32] Kılıç M, Kolakoti A, Mosa PR, Kotaru TG, Mahapatro M. Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking sunflower oil by Taguchi and ANN techniques. J Therm Eng 2020;6:712-723. [CrossRef]
[33] Ghosh N, Halder G. Current progress and perspective of heterogeneous nanocatalytic transesterification towards biodiesel production from edible and inedible feedstock: a review. Energy Convers Manag 2022;270:116292. [CrossRef]
[34] Rezki B, Essamlali Y, Amadine O, Sair S, Aadil M, Len C, et al. A comprehensive review on apatite-derived catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production: Classification, features and challenges. J Environ Chem Eng 2024;12:111913. [CrossRef]
[35] Senthil KM, Ramesh A, Nagalingam B. An experimental comparison of methods to use methanol and Jatropha oil in a compression ignition engine. Biomass Bioenergy 2003;25:309-318. [CrossRef]
[36] Singh P. Potential of pine needle biomass as an alternative fuel to mitigate forest fire in Uttarakhand Himalayas - A review. J Agric Eng 2022;58:192-203. [CrossRef]
[37] McCaskill D, Croteau R. Strategies for bioengineering the development and metabolism of glandular tissues in plants. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:31-36. [CrossRef]
[38] Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM. Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes. New York: Springer Reference; 2013. [CrossRef]
[39] Lekha C, Sharma KR. Borehole method of oleoresin tapping chir pine (pinus roxburghii sargent). For Chem Rev 2005;115:11-17.
[40] Martins J, Brito FP. Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Energies 2020:13:4086. [CrossRef]
[41] Yasuhara Chemical CO. LTD. Production of Terpene. Available at: http://www.yschem.co.jp/english/terpene/process.html. Accessed Apr 10, 2024.
[42] Singh YA, Singh P, Sahu R, Thangamuthu P, Shyam Narain R, Anupam Rao Y, et al. Potential utilization of turpentine oil as an alternative fuel. Mater Today Proc 2022;63:A1-8. [CrossRef]
[43] Joyce NM, Chandra SP, Johnson A, Kizhuveetil U, Shora S, Nagarajan R. A comprehensive review of nanoadditives in Plant-based biodiesels with a special emphasis on essential oils. Fuel 2023;351:128934. [CrossRef]
[44] Chiong MC, Kang HS, Shaharuddin NMR, Mat S, Quen LK, Ten KH, et al. Challenges and opportunities of marine propulsion with alternative fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2021;149:111397. [CrossRef]
[45] Tamilselvan P, Nallusamy N, Rajkumar S. A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017;79:1134-1159. [CrossRef]
[46] Subramaniam D, Murugesan A, Avinash A, Kumaravel A. Bio-diesel production and its engine characteristics-An expatiate view. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;22:361-370. [CrossRef]
[47] Ruffing AM, Davis RW, Lane TW. Advances in engineering algae for biofuel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022;78:102830. [CrossRef]
[48] Kouhgardi E, Zendehboudi S, Mohammadzadeh O, Lohi A, Chatzis I. Current status and future prospects of biofuel production from brown algae in North America: Progress and challenges. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2023;172:113012. [CrossRef]
[49] Dhiman S, Mukherjee G. Utilization of food waste for biofuel production: a biorefining perspective. Mater Today Proc 2022 Dec 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.12.009. [Epub ahead of Print.] [CrossRef]
[50] Mohanty A, Ajmera S, Chinnam S, Kumar V, Mishra RK, Acharya B. Pyrolysis of waste oils for biofuel production: an economic and life cycle assessment. Fuel Communications 2024;18:100108. [CrossRef]
[51] Pires M, Meloni E, Skov IR, Vilardi G, Zuorro A, Belikov J, et al. Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of terpenes into biofuels: an open pathway to sustainable fuels. Energies 2023;16:2526. [CrossRef]
[52] Tanaka T, Guo J, Wang X. Did biofuel production strengthen the comovements between food and fuel prices? Evidence from ethanol-related markets in the United States. Renew Energy 2023;217:119142. [CrossRef]
[53] Waramit N, Romkaew J, Prathumyot W, Jantawong S. Effect of physiographic type and harvesting age on biomass yield, chemical composition, and carbon sequestration of mangrove plantations for biofuel feedstock production. Ind Crops Prod 2023;200:116812. [CrossRef]
[54] Larnaudie V, Bule M, San KY, Vadlani PV, Mosby J, Elangovan S, et al. Life cycle environmental and cost evaluation of renewable diesel production. Fuel 2020;279:118429. [CrossRef]
[55] Aquino IP, Hernandez RPB, Chicoma DL, Pinto HPF, Aoki IV. Influence of light, temperature and metallic ions on biodiesel degradation and corrosiveness to copper and brass. Fuel 2012;102:795-807. [CrossRef]
[56] Fazal MA, Haseeb ASMA, Masjuki HH. Effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel upon exposure to palm biodiesel. Energy 2011;36:3328-3334. [CrossRef]
[57] Kannan D, Pachamuthu S, Nurun NM, Hustad JE, Løvs T. Theoretical and experimental investigation of diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions analysis fuelled with the blends of ethanol, diesel and jatropha methyl ester. Energy Convers Manag 2012;53:322-231. [CrossRef]
[58] Peng DX. Effects of concentration and temperature on tribological properties of biodiesel. Adv Mech Eng 2015;7:1687814015611025. [CrossRef]
[59] Yang Z, Hollebone BP, Wang Z, Yang C, Landriault M. Effect of storage period on the dominant weathering processes of biodiesel and its blends with diesel in ambient conditions. Fuel 2013;104:342-350. [CrossRef]
[60] Fazal MA, Haseeb ASMA, Masjuki HH. Corrosion mechanism of copper in palm biodiesel. Corros Sci 2013;67:50-59. [CrossRef]
[61] Qubeissi MA, Al-Esawi N, Kolodnytska R. Atomization of bio-fossil fuel blends. In: Nageswara-Rao M, Soneji JR, eds. Advances in Biofuels and Bioenergy. London: IntechOpen; 2018. [CrossRef]
[62] Patil A, Bedke AC, Deshmukh VA, Shevare PY. Engine performance on atomization of fuel injector: a review. Grad Res Eng Technol 2022;1:49-53. [CrossRef]
[63] Chang J, He L, Chen L, Li Z. Atomization of liquid pulsed jet in subsonic crossflow. AIP Adv 2023;13:55117. [CrossRef]
[64] Park SH, Cha J, Kim HJ, Lee CS. Effect of early injection strategy on spray atomization and emission reduction characteristics in bioethanol blended diesel fueled engine. Energy 2012;39:375-387. [CrossRef]
[65] Chaudhari VD, Kulkarni A, Deshmukh D. Spray characteristics of biofuels for advance combustion engines. Clean Eng Technol 2021;5:100265. [CrossRef]
[66] Dai X, Wang Z, Liu F, Wang C, Sun Q, Xu C. Simulation of throttling effect on cavitation for nozzle internal flow. Fuel 2019;243:277-287. [CrossRef]
[67] Algayyim SJM, Wandel AP. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of biofuel spray (biodiesel and alcohols) in CI engines: a review. Fuel 2021;292:120303. [CrossRef]
[68] Karikalan L, Chandrasekaran M. Performance and pollutants analysis on diesel engine using blends of Jatropha biodiesel and mineral turpentine as fuel. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2017;14:323-330. [CrossRef]
[69] Loganathan K, Manoharan C. Evaluation of performance and emission features of Jatropha biodiesel-turpentine blend as green fuel. Therm Sci 2017;21:615-625. [CrossRef]
[70] Anand BP, Saravanan CG, Srinivasan CA. Performance and exhaust emission of turpentine oil powered direct injection diesel engine. Renew Energy 2010;35:1179-1184. [CrossRef]
[71] Chivu RM, Martins J, Popescu F, Uzuneanu K, Ion VI, Goncalves M, et al. Turpentine as an additive for diesel engines: experimental study on pollutant emissions and engine performance. Energies 2023:16:5150. [CrossRef]
[72] Dubey P, Gupta R. Effects of dual biofuel (Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil) on a single cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine without EGR. Appl Therm Eng 2017;115:1137-1147. [CrossRef]
[73] Karthikeyan R, Mahalakshmi NV. Performance and emission characteristics of a turpentine-diesel dual fuel engine. Energy 2007;32:1202-1209. [CrossRef]
[74] Henein NA. Analysis of pollutant formation and control and fuel economy in diesel engines. In: Chigier NA, ed. Energy and Combustion Science. Oxford: Pergamon; 1979. pp. 283-325. [CrossRef]
[75] Tamilvanan A, Ashok B, Mohanraj T, Jayalakshmi P, Dhamodharan P, Sakthivel R. Chapter 5 - Effect of engine operating parameters in NOx reduction. In: Ashok B, ed. NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2022. pp. 125-153. [CrossRef]
[76] Safi C, Zebib B, Merah O, Pontalier PY, Vaca-Garcia C. Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: a review. Renew Sustain Ener Rev 2014;35:265-278. [CrossRef]
[77] Karthikeyan S. An environmental effect of Vitis vinifera biofuel blends in a marine engine. Energy Sourc Part A Recovery Util Environ Eff 2016:38:3262-3267. [CrossRef]
[78] Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, Yang WM, Saravanan CG, Lee PS, Chua KJE, et al. Impact of ignition promoting additives on the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by pine oil-diesel blend. Fuel 2014:117:278-285. [CrossRef]
[79] Huang H, Liu Q, Shi C, Wang Q, Zhou C. Experimental study on spray, combustion and emission characteristics of pine oil/diesel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Fuel Process Technol 20161;153:137-148. [CrossRef]
[80] Huang H, Liu Q, Yang R, Zhu T, Zhao R, Wang Y. Investigation on the effects of pilot injection on low temperature combustion in high-speed diesel engine fueled with n-butanol-diesel blends. Energy Convers Manag 2015;106:748-758. [CrossRef]
[81] Panneerselvam N, Ramesh M, Murugesan A, Vijayakumar C, Subramaniam D, Kumaravel A. Effect on direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil, ceiba pentandra methyl ester compared with diesel. Transp Res D Transp Environ 2016;48:225-234. [CrossRef]
[82] García D, Ramos Á, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Bustamante F, Alarcón E, Lapuerta M. Impact of oxyfunctionalized turpentine on emissions from a Euro 6 diesel engine. Energy 2020;201:117645. [CrossRef]
[83] Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, Yang WM, Saravanan CG, Lee PS, Chua KJE, et al. Impact of pine oil biofuel fumigation on gaseous emissions from a diesel engine. Fuel Proces Technol 2014;124:44-53. [CrossRef]
[84] Pathak B, Patel N. Effect of modifying bowl geometry for IC engine fueled with diesel and Biofuels - Review. J Therm Eng 2024;10:244-261. [CrossRef]

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Robert Madalin Chivu
0000-0002-3383-5800
Romania

Jorge Martins This is me
0000-0001-9951-6901
Portugal

Florin Popescu This is me
0000-0002-1185-5501
Romania

Ion V. Ion ^* This is me
0000-0003-0396-8079
Romania

Uzuneanu Krisztina This is me
0000-0002-1964-0994
Romania

Michael Fratita This is me
0000-0002-8196-3137
Romania

Publication Date

May 16, 2025

Submission Date

January 26, 2024

Acceptance Date

October 4, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 11 Number: 3

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Chivu, R. M., Martins, J., Popescu, F., Ion, I. V., Krisztina, U., & Fratita, M. (2025). The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 11(3), 880-895. https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC

AMA

1.Chivu RM, Martins J, Popescu F, Ion IV, Krisztina U, Fratita M. The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review. Journal of Thermal Engineering. 2025;11(3):880-895. https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC

Chicago

Chivu, Robert Madalin, Jorge Martins, Florin Popescu, Ion V. Ion, Uzuneanu Krisztina, and Michael Fratita. 2025. “The Use of Turpentine As Additive for Diesel Oil. A Review”. Journal of Thermal Engineering 11 (3): 880-95. https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC.

EndNote

Chivu RM, Martins J, Popescu F, Ion IV, Krisztina U, Fratita M (May 1, 2025) The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review. Journal of Thermal Engineering 11 3 880–895.

IEEE

[1]R. M. Chivu, J. Martins, F. Popescu, I. V. Ion, U. Krisztina, and M. Fratita, “The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review”, Journal of Thermal Engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 880–895, May 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC

ISNAD

Chivu, Robert Madalin - Martins, Jorge - Popescu, Florin - Ion, Ion V. - Krisztina, Uzuneanu - Fratita, Michael. “The Use of Turpentine As Additive for Diesel Oil. A Review”. Journal of Thermal Engineering 11/3 (May 1, 2025): 880-895. https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC.

JAMA

1.Chivu RM, Martins J, Popescu F, Ion IV, Krisztina U, Fratita M. The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review. Journal of Thermal Engineering. 2025;11:880–895.

MLA

Chivu, Robert Madalin, et al. “The Use of Turpentine As Additive for Diesel Oil. A Review”. Journal of Thermal Engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, May 2025, pp. 880-95, https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC.

Vancouver

1.Robert Madalin Chivu, Jorge Martins, Florin Popescu, Ion V. Ion, Uzuneanu Krisztina, Michael Fratita. The use of turpentine as additive for diesel oil. A review. Journal of Thermal Engineering [Internet]. 2025 May 1;11(3):880-95. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA35PK59RC