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The Relationship Between Religious Attitudes and Xenophobia: Evidence from Türkiye

Year 2024, , 322 - 341, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.32711/tiad.1485130

Abstract

In this study, we examined whether religious attitudes have an effect on xenophobia, which we have witnessed to increase in recent years in Türkiye as well as in the world due to economic, socio-political and other factors, in terms of socio-demographic variables. In this context, our research was conducted to better understand the relationship between xenophobia and religious attitudes. Our sample group consists of 419 people aged between 18 and 56, residing in different provinces of Türkiye. These diverse demographic participants come from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Data were collected online through Google Forms using the Personal Information Form, Religious Attitudes Scale and the Xenophobia Scale. These scales were used to assess participants' demographic information, religious attitudes and attitudes towards xenophobia. The findings of our study reveal that religious attitudes do not directly affect xenophobia in terms of variables such as age, gender, marital status and occupational status. That is, individuals' religious beliefs and the degree of these beliefs do not seem to be an important factor in determining their negative attitudes towards foreigners. Instead, other important factors behind xenophobia were analyzed. In the context of economic threat, remarkable results were obtained. Our research has documented that xenophobic attitudes are higher among individuals with low education and income levels compared to individuals with high income and education levels. This shows how important the impact of economic situation on xenophobia is. Especially in times of increased economic uncertainty and threats, individuals tend to develop negative attitudes towards foreigners. This suggests that economic insecurity may play a fundamental role in increasing xenophobia.

References

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Dini Tutumlar ve Yabancı Düşmanlığı Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye'den Kanıtlar

Year 2024, , 322 - 341, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.32711/tiad.1485130

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, son yıllarda dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de ekonomik, sosyo-politik ve diğer faktörlere bağlı olarak artış gösterdiğine şahit olduğumuz yabancı düşmanlığında dini tutumların etkisi olup olmadığı, sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda araştırmamız, yabancı düşmanlığı ve dini tutumlar arasındaki ilişkiyi daha iyi anlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem grubumuz, Türkiye'nin farklı illerinde ikamet eden, yaşları 18 ile 56 arasında değişen 419 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Bu çeşitli demografik yapıya sahip katılımcılar, farklı sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel arka planlardan gelmektedir. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Dini Tutum Ölçeği ve Zenofobi Ölçeği kullanılarak Google Formlar aracılığıyla çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Bu ölçekler, katılımcıların demografik bilgilerini, dini tutumlarını ve yabancı düşmanlığına yönelik tutumlarını değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Araştırmamızın bulguları, dini tutumların yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum ve mesleki durum gibi değişkenler açısından yabancı düşmanlığını doğrudan etkilemediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yani, bireylerin dini inançları ve bu inançların derecesi, onların yabancılara karşı olan olumsuz tutumlarını belirlemede tek başına önemli bir faktör olarak görünmemektedir. Bunun yerine, yabancı düşmanlığının arkasındaki diğer önemli faktörler incelenmiştir. Ekonomik tehdit bağlamında ise dikkat çekici sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Araştırmamız, düşük eğitim ve gelir düzeyine sahip bireyler ile yüksek gelir ve eğitim düzeyine sahip bireylerin yabancı düşmanlığı tutumlarının yüksek olduğunu belgelemiştir. Bu durum, ekonomik durumun yabancı düşmanlığı üzerindeki etkisinin ne denli önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle ekonomik belirsizliklerin ve tehditlerin arttığı dönemlerde, bireylerin yabancılara karşı olumsuz tutumlar geliştirme eğiliminde oldukları görülmektedir. Bu da ekonomik güvensizliğin yabancı düşmanlığının artmasında temel bir rol oynayabileceğini göstermektedir.

References

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  • Anderson, Joel - Ferguson, Rose. “Demographic and Ideological Correlates of Negative Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers: A Meta‐Analytic Review”. Australian Journal of Psychology 70/1 (2018), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12162
  • Andreescu, Viviana. “A Multilevel Analysis of Anti-Immigrant Sentiments in France.” Journal of Identity & Migration Studies 11/1 (2017). http://www.e- migration.ro/jims/Vol11_No1_2017/JIMS_Vol11_No1_2017.pdf#page=67
  • Avaner, Tekin - Ocaklı, Leyla. “Kent Güvenliği ve Düzensiz Göç Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: İzmir’de Zenofobi ve Suç Korkusu”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13/4 (2024), 1504-1529.
  • https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1342974
  • Aydın, Nilüfer vd. “Social Exclusion and Xenophobia: Intolerant Attitudes Toward Ethnic and Religious Minorities”. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17/3 (2014), 371-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213510569
  • Beller, Johannes. “Xenophobia trends in Germany: Increasing negative attitude towards foreigners in younger birth cohorts”. The Social Science Journal 60/2 (2023), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1735855
  • Bohman, Andrea - Hjerm, Mikael. “How the Religious Context Affects the Relationship Between Religiosity and Attitudes Towards Immigration”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 37/6 (2014), 937-957. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.748210
  • Budak, Pelin vd. “Yerel Halkın Algısında Suriyeli Sığınmacılar ve Toplumsal Etki̇leri̇: Elazığ İli Örneği”. The Journal of Academic Social Science 62/62 (2019), 543-564. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.13262
  • Cowling, Misha Mei vd. “Prejudice-Relevant Correlates of Attitudes Towards Refugees: A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Refugee Studies 32/3 (2019), 502-524. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey062
  • Çetin, Mehmet. “Effects of Religious Participation on Social Inclusion and Existential Well-Being Levels of Muslim Refugees and Immigrants in Turkey”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 29/2 (2019), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2019.1580092
  • Çınar, Mehmet. “Yas Psikolojisi: Yas ve Dindarlık İlişkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma”. Journal of Turkish Studies 12/Volume 12 Issue 2 (2019), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11315
  • Davis, Joshua T - Perry, Samuel L. “White Christian Nationalism and Relative Political Tolerance for Racists”. Social Problems 68/3 (01 Ağustos 2021), 513-534. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa002
  • Deslandes, Christine - Anderson, Joel R. “Religion and Prejudice Toward Immigrants and Refugees: A Meta- Analytic Review”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 29/2 (2019), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2019.1570814
  • Düvell, Franck. “Shifts in the Global Migration Order and Migration Transitions in Europe: The Cases of Turkey and Russia”. Comparative Migration Studies 8/1 (2020), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00204-2
  • Erdoğan, M. Murat. Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2018.
  • Eri̇çok, Barış - Mavi̇, Duran. “Xenophobia Perceptions of Turkish University Students: An Investigation According to Various Variables”. Participatory Educational Research 11/1 (2024), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.3.11.1
  • Erişen, Cengiz. “Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2/1 (03 Haziran 2018), 111-139.
  • Getmansky, Anna vd. “Refugees, Xenophobia, and Domestic Conflict: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey”. Journal of Peace Research 55/4 (2018), 491-507.
  • Gulmez, Recep. “The Securitization of the Syrian Refugee Crisis Through Political Party Discourses”. Journal of International Migration and Integration 20/3 (2019), 887-906.
  • Gusciute, Egle vd. “One Hundred Thousand Welcomes? Economic Threat and Anti-Immigration Sentiment in Ireland1”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 45/5 (2022), 829-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1887910
  • Hjerm, Mikael - Nagayoshi, Kikuko. “The Composition of the Minority Population as a Threat: Can Real Economic and Cultural Threats Explain Xenophobia?” International Sociology - INT SOCIOL 26 (2011), 815-843. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580910394004
  • ILO vd. International Migration, Racism, Discrimination and Xenophobia. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2001. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/international_migration_racism.pdf
  • Indelicato, Alessandro - Martín, Juan Carlos. “The Effects of Three Facets of National Identity and Other Socioeconomic Traits on Attitudes Towards Immigrants”. Journal of International Migration and Integration. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01100-1
  • İşçi, Didem - Uludağ, Esra. “Sosyal Medyada Suriyeliler Algısı: Youtube Sokak Röportajları Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 3/1 (2019), 1-24.
  • Kabakçı Yurdakul, Işık. “Evren ve Örneklem”. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. ed. Adile Aşkım Kurt. 75-89. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Fakültesi Yayınları, 2013.
  • Kabakçı Yurdakul, Işık. “Evren ve Örneklem”. Bilisel Araştırma Yöntemleri. ed. Adile Aşkım Kurt. 73-89. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Fakültesi Yayınları, 2013.
  • Kaldık, Behçet. “Uluslararası Göç Bağlamında Sığınmacılara Yönelik Yabancı Düşmanlığının İncelenmesi: Türkiye’de Zenofobi Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 5/Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Kongresi: Krizler, Belirsizlikler ve Arayışlar Özel Sayısı (2021), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1029321
  • Koca, Bayram - Saç, Selman. “Korkuyu Politikleştirmek, Öfkeyi Örgütlemek: Fransa’da (reconquête) Ve Türkiye’de (zafer Partisi) Aşırı Sağ”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 79/2 (2024), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1203703
  • Kopyciok, Svenja - Silver, Hilary. “Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe”. Frontiers in Sociology 6 (2021), 666-717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717
  • Kumpes, Josip. “Religioznost I Stavovi Prema Imigrantima U Hrvatskoj”. Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 34/3 (2018), 275-320. https://doi.org/10.11567/met.34.3.3
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology of Religion
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muharrem Aka 0000-0002-3195-8946

Metin Gani Tapan 0000-0002-3595-140X

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date May 16, 2024
Acceptance Date July 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Aka, Muharrem - Tapan, Metin Gani. “The Relationship Between Religious Attitudes and Xenophobia: Evidence from Türkiye”. Türkiye İlahiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/3 (September 2024), 322-341. https://doi.org/10.32711/tiad.1485130.

Türkiye İlahiyat Araştrımaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.