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Determinism and Human Free Will in the Philosophy of Charles Hartshorne

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 916 - 933, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.32711/tiad.1576315

Abstract

Is man truly a free being? Or are human actions determined by past conditions or the future? Any answer about the relationship between human freedom and determinism is important in many ways. On the one hand, it will have a profound existential impact on human beings who question the meaning of life, and on the other hand, it will either strengthen or refute the assumption that human beings are morally responsible beings. The relationship between determinism as a moral problem and human will has been discussed and debated in both philosophy and theology throughout the history of thought. Charles Hartshorne, one of the leading figures of Process Theism, rejected absolute determinism while opposing compatibilist thought. He thinks that there is a relative indeterminism/indeterminism in the whole universe because of the contingent nature of the universe. Hartshorne, who believes that determinist and compatibilist ideas cannot explain both nature and the human world in a theoretically and practically consistent and meaningful way, believes that the theoretical foundations of absolute determinism are false and that this falsity can be easily demonstrated.

References

  • Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999.
  • Allan, George. “The Metaphysical Axioms and Ethics of Charles Hartshorne”. The Review of Metaphysics 40/2 (December 1986), 271-304.
  • Browning, G. Douglas vd. “Charles Hartshorne, 1897-2000”. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 74/5 (May 2001), 229-233.
  • Belo, Catarina. Chance and Determinism in Avicenna and Averroes. London: Brill, 2007.
  • Campbell, Joseph Keim. vd., “Freedom and Determinism: A Framework”, Freedom and Determinism. ed. Joseph Keim Campbell, vd. 1-18. London: The MIT Press, 2004.
  • Cevizci, Ahmet. Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma, 2005.
  • Clarke, David. S. “Panpsychism and the Philosophy of Charles Hartshorne”. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 16/3 (2002), 151-166.
  • Cobb, John B. & Griffin, David Ray. Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition. Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox Pres, 1976.
  • Çelebi, Emin. “David Hume’da Psiko-Epistemolojik İlke: Nedensellik”, Selçuk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 20 (2005), 173-202.
  • Descartes, Rene. Felsefenin İlkeleri. çev. Mesut Akın. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2015.
  • Dombrowski, Daniel A. Divine Beauty The Aesthetics Of Charles Hartshorne. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004.
  • Evkuran, Mehmet. “Bir Ahlâk Sorunu Olarak Nedensellik-Özgürlük İlişkisi -Eşâri Kelâmında Atom, Kesb ve Sürekli Yaratma Kavramları Üzerine”. V. Uluslararası Şeyh Şa’ban-ı Velî Sempozyumu -Eş’arîlik. ed. Mustafa Aykaç vd. 1/407-420. Kastamonu: Kastamonu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Fischer, John Martin. “Compatibilism”. In Four Views on Free Will. ed. John Martin Fischer vd. 44-84. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Griffin, David Ray. “Postmodern Dünyada Tanrı”. çev. Mevlüt Albayrak. Arayışlar-İnsan Bilimleri Araştırmaları 1/1 (1999), 231-250.
  • Gündoğdu, Hakan. “On Hartshorne’s Objections to Determinism and Compatibilism”. Eikasia Revista de Philosophia 54 (2014), 93-106.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. Wisdom as Moderation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
  • Hartshorne, Charles & Reese, William L. Philosophers Speak of God. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1953.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. The Logic Of Perfection And Other Essays in Neoclassical Metaphysics. U.S.A: Open Court Publishing Company, 1962.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. The Zero Fallacy and Other Essays in Neoclassical Philosophy. Edited with an Introduction by Mohammad Valady. Chicago: Open Court, 1997.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. Anselm’s Discovery: A Re-Examination Of The Ontological Proof For God’s Existence. Illinois: Open Court, 1965.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Categories, Transcendentals, And Creative Experiencing”. The Monist 66/3 (July 1983), 319-335.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Freedom Requires Indeterminism and Universal Causality”. The Journal of Philosophy 55/19 (September 1958), 793-811.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Indeterministic Freedom as Universal Principle”. Journal of Social Philosophy 15/3, (1984), 5-15.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Beyond Enlightened Self-Interest: A Metaphysics of Ethics”. Ethics 84/3 (April 1974), 201-216.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “The Aesthetic Dimensions of Religious Experience” Logic, God and Metaphysics. ed. James Franklin Harris. 9-18. Heidelberg: Springer Netherlands, 1992.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Real Possibility”. The Journal of Philosophy 60/21 (October 1963), 593-605.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Present Prospects For Metaphysics”. The Monist 47/2 (Winter 1963), 188-210.
  • Hume, David. İnsanın Anlama Yetisi Üzerine Bir Soruşturma. çev. Münevver Özgen. Bursa: Biblos Kitabevi Yayınları, 2014.
  • Kane, Robert. “Libertarianism”. In Four Views on Free Will. ed. John Martin Fischer vd. 5-43. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. trans. Norman Keimph Smith. Newyork: St Martin's Press,1929.
  • Kar, Erman. “Özgür İrade Problemi ve Determinizm: Determinist Bir Evrende Özgür İrade Mümkün müdür?”, Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13/35 (2024), 298-310.
  • Koca, Özgür. “From Process to God: A Muslim’s Critical Engagement with Charles Hartshorne”. İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi 26 (2011), 81-92.
  • Konigsburg, Joyce Ann. “Panentheism A Potential Bridge for Scientific and Religious Dialogue”, Connecting Faith and Science, ed. Matthew Nelson Hill vd. 161-181. Claremont: Claremont Press, 2017.
  • Koperski, Jeffrey. Divine Action, Determinism, and the Laws of Nature. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Leukippos & Demokritos. Atomcu Felsefe Fragmanları. çev. C. Cengiz Çevik. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2019.
  • Mominov, Kasim. “Süreç Felsefesinde Ontolojik Prensiplerin Temellendirilmesi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 33 (2011), 219-233.
  • Özgül, Kadri. Charles Hartshorne’un Neo-Klasik Teizmi. Konya: Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Pak, Kenneth K. Divine Power and Evil-A Reply to Process Theodicy. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Peters, Eugene. “Philosophic Insights of Charles Hartshorne”. The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 8/1 (Winter 1977), 157-170.
  • Peterson, Gregory R. "God, Determinism, and Action: Perspectives from Physics". Zygon 35 (December 2000), 883-890.
  • Pink, Thomas. Free Will - A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Sia, Santiago. Religion, Reason and God Essays in the Philosophies of Charles Hartshorne and A. N. Whitehead. Germany: Peter Lang, 2004.
  • Sia, Santiago. God in Process Thought: A Study in Charles Harthorne’s Concept of God. Dordrecht: Martinus Nıjhoff Publishers, 1985.
  • Spinoza, Benedictus. Etika. çev. Hilmi Ziya Ülken. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2011.

Charles Hartshorne’nun Felsefesinde Determinizm ve İnsanın Özgür İradesi

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 916 - 933, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.32711/tiad.1576315

Abstract

İnsan gerçekten özgür bir varlık mıdır? Yoksa insanın eylemleri geçmiş şartlar ya da gelecek tarafından mı belirleniyor? İnsanın özgürlüğü ve determinizm arasındaki ilişki hakkında verilecek herhangi bir cevap birçok bakımdan önem arz eder. Bu cevap bir yandan hayatın anlamını sorgulayan insanı varoluşsal anlamda derinden etkilerken diğer taraftan insanın ahlak bakımından sorumlu varlık olduğu varsayımını ya güçlendirecek ya da çürütecektir. Bir ahlak sorunu olarak determinizm ve insan iradesi arasındaki ilişki düşünce tarihi boyunca hem felsefe hem de teolojide ele alınmış ve tartışılmıştır. Süreç Teizminin önde gelen isimlerinden biri olan Charles Hartshorne mutlak determinizmi reddederken diğer yandan da Bağdaşırcı düşünceye karşı çıkmaktır. Evrenin doğasında olumsal bir nitelik olduğu için tüm evrende göreceli bir indeterminizm/belirlenimsizlik olduğunu düşünür. Determinist ve Bağdaşırcı düşüncelerin hem doğayı hem de insanın dünyasını teorik ve pratik açıdan tutarlı ve anlamlı bir şekilde açıklayamadığını düşünen Hartshorne, mutlak determinizmin teorik temellerinin yanlış olduğuna ve bunun yanlışlığının kolaylıkla gösterilebileceğine inanır.

References

  • Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999.
  • Allan, George. “The Metaphysical Axioms and Ethics of Charles Hartshorne”. The Review of Metaphysics 40/2 (December 1986), 271-304.
  • Browning, G. Douglas vd. “Charles Hartshorne, 1897-2000”. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 74/5 (May 2001), 229-233.
  • Belo, Catarina. Chance and Determinism in Avicenna and Averroes. London: Brill, 2007.
  • Campbell, Joseph Keim. vd., “Freedom and Determinism: A Framework”, Freedom and Determinism. ed. Joseph Keim Campbell, vd. 1-18. London: The MIT Press, 2004.
  • Cevizci, Ahmet. Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma, 2005.
  • Clarke, David. S. “Panpsychism and the Philosophy of Charles Hartshorne”. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 16/3 (2002), 151-166.
  • Cobb, John B. & Griffin, David Ray. Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition. Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox Pres, 1976.
  • Çelebi, Emin. “David Hume’da Psiko-Epistemolojik İlke: Nedensellik”, Selçuk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 20 (2005), 173-202.
  • Descartes, Rene. Felsefenin İlkeleri. çev. Mesut Akın. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2015.
  • Dombrowski, Daniel A. Divine Beauty The Aesthetics Of Charles Hartshorne. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004.
  • Evkuran, Mehmet. “Bir Ahlâk Sorunu Olarak Nedensellik-Özgürlük İlişkisi -Eşâri Kelâmında Atom, Kesb ve Sürekli Yaratma Kavramları Üzerine”. V. Uluslararası Şeyh Şa’ban-ı Velî Sempozyumu -Eş’arîlik. ed. Mustafa Aykaç vd. 1/407-420. Kastamonu: Kastamonu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Fischer, John Martin. “Compatibilism”. In Four Views on Free Will. ed. John Martin Fischer vd. 44-84. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Griffin, David Ray. “Postmodern Dünyada Tanrı”. çev. Mevlüt Albayrak. Arayışlar-İnsan Bilimleri Araştırmaları 1/1 (1999), 231-250.
  • Gündoğdu, Hakan. “On Hartshorne’s Objections to Determinism and Compatibilism”. Eikasia Revista de Philosophia 54 (2014), 93-106.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. Wisdom as Moderation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
  • Hartshorne, Charles & Reese, William L. Philosophers Speak of God. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1953.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. The Logic Of Perfection And Other Essays in Neoclassical Metaphysics. U.S.A: Open Court Publishing Company, 1962.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. The Zero Fallacy and Other Essays in Neoclassical Philosophy. Edited with an Introduction by Mohammad Valady. Chicago: Open Court, 1997.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. Anselm’s Discovery: A Re-Examination Of The Ontological Proof For God’s Existence. Illinois: Open Court, 1965.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Categories, Transcendentals, And Creative Experiencing”. The Monist 66/3 (July 1983), 319-335.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Freedom Requires Indeterminism and Universal Causality”. The Journal of Philosophy 55/19 (September 1958), 793-811.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Indeterministic Freedom as Universal Principle”. Journal of Social Philosophy 15/3, (1984), 5-15.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Beyond Enlightened Self-Interest: A Metaphysics of Ethics”. Ethics 84/3 (April 1974), 201-216.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “The Aesthetic Dimensions of Religious Experience” Logic, God and Metaphysics. ed. James Franklin Harris. 9-18. Heidelberg: Springer Netherlands, 1992.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Real Possibility”. The Journal of Philosophy 60/21 (October 1963), 593-605.
  • Hartshorne, Charles. “Present Prospects For Metaphysics”. The Monist 47/2 (Winter 1963), 188-210.
  • Hume, David. İnsanın Anlama Yetisi Üzerine Bir Soruşturma. çev. Münevver Özgen. Bursa: Biblos Kitabevi Yayınları, 2014.
  • Kane, Robert. “Libertarianism”. In Four Views on Free Will. ed. John Martin Fischer vd. 5-43. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. trans. Norman Keimph Smith. Newyork: St Martin's Press,1929.
  • Kar, Erman. “Özgür İrade Problemi ve Determinizm: Determinist Bir Evrende Özgür İrade Mümkün müdür?”, Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13/35 (2024), 298-310.
  • Koca, Özgür. “From Process to God: A Muslim’s Critical Engagement with Charles Hartshorne”. İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi 26 (2011), 81-92.
  • Konigsburg, Joyce Ann. “Panentheism A Potential Bridge for Scientific and Religious Dialogue”, Connecting Faith and Science, ed. Matthew Nelson Hill vd. 161-181. Claremont: Claremont Press, 2017.
  • Koperski, Jeffrey. Divine Action, Determinism, and the Laws of Nature. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Leukippos & Demokritos. Atomcu Felsefe Fragmanları. çev. C. Cengiz Çevik. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2019.
  • Mominov, Kasim. “Süreç Felsefesinde Ontolojik Prensiplerin Temellendirilmesi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 33 (2011), 219-233.
  • Özgül, Kadri. Charles Hartshorne’un Neo-Klasik Teizmi. Konya: Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Pak, Kenneth K. Divine Power and Evil-A Reply to Process Theodicy. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Peters, Eugene. “Philosophic Insights of Charles Hartshorne”. The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 8/1 (Winter 1977), 157-170.
  • Peterson, Gregory R. "God, Determinism, and Action: Perspectives from Physics". Zygon 35 (December 2000), 883-890.
  • Pink, Thomas. Free Will - A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Sia, Santiago. Religion, Reason and God Essays in the Philosophies of Charles Hartshorne and A. N. Whitehead. Germany: Peter Lang, 2004.
  • Sia, Santiago. God in Process Thought: A Study in Charles Harthorne’s Concept of God. Dordrecht: Martinus Nıjhoff Publishers, 1985.
  • Spinoza, Benedictus. Etika. çev. Hilmi Ziya Ülken. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2011.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy of Religion
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tuncay Akgün 0000-0001-9684-4766

Early Pub Date December 30, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date October 30, 2024
Acceptance Date December 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

ISNAD Akgün, Tuncay. “Charles Hartshorne’nun Felsefesinde Determinizm Ve İnsanın Özgür İradesi”. Türkiye İlahiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/4 (December 2024), 916-933. https://doi.org/10.32711/tiad.1576315.

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