DISCOVERY OF GLYCAN BIOMARKERS IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: RECENT ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Glycans are complex sugar molecules that bind to numerous proteins secreted in the human body, significantly altering their structural and functional properties. Abnormalities in this process, known as glycosylation, are closely associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Particularly in autoimmune diseases, alterations in glycan structures play a crucial role in disease onset, progression, and treatment. Nowadays, advanced analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry, are widely used to analyze glycan structure modifications, enabling the high-sensitivity profiling of glycans and the detection of disease-associated alterations. Early identification of these changes can significantly contribute to clinical decision-making, particularly in disease diagnosis, treatment strategy development, and therapeutic monitoring. This study explores the role of glycan modifications in various pathological conditions, with a particular focus on autoimmune diseases, and provides up-to-date insights into their potential as biomarkers. Furthermore, emerging technological approaches and future perspectives to enhance glycan biomarkers' clinical applicability are evaluated.

Keywords

• Autoimmune Diseases
• Biomarker
• Glycan
• Mass Spectrometry

OTOİMMÜN HASTALIKLARDA GLİKAN BİYOBELİRTEÇLERİN KEŞFİ: TANI VE TEDAVİDE SON GELİŞMELER

Abstract

Glikanlar, insan vücudunda salgılanan çok sayıda proteine bağlanarak bu proteinlerin yapısal ve işlevsel özelliklerinde önemli değişikliklere yol açan kompleks şeker molekülleridir. Glikozilasyon olarak bilinen bu süreçteki anormallikler, kanser, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, otoimmün bozukluklar ve kronik inflamatuvar hastalıklar gibi birçok patolojik durumla yakından ilişkilidir. Özellikle otoimmün hastalıklarda, glikan yapılarındaki değişiklikler, hastalığın başlangıcı, ilerlemesi ve tedavi sürecinde kritik bir rol oynar. Günümüzde, glikan yapılarındaki değişikliklerin analizi için yaygın olarak kullanılan kütle spektrometresi gibi ileri analitik teknikler, glikan profillerinin yüksek hassasiyetle belirlenmesine ve hastalıkla ilişkili spesifik glikan modifikasyonlarının tespit edilmesine olanak tanır. Erken dönemde yapılan bu analizler, hastalığın tanısı, tedavi stratejilerinin belirlenmesi ve tedaviye yanıtın izlenmesi açısından klinik karar verme süreçlerine önemli katkılar sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmada, otoimmün hastalıklar başta olmak üzere çeşitli patolojik durumlarda glikan yapılarındaki değişikliklerin rolü ele alınmakta ve bu değişikliklerin potansiyel biyobelirteçler olarak kullanımına yönelik güncel bilgiler sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, glikan biyobelirteçlerin klinik uygulamalarda kullanımını kolaylaştıracak yeni teknolojik yaklaşımlar ve gelecek perspektifleri de değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

• Biyobelirteç
• Glikan
• Kütle Spektrometrisi
• Otoimmün Hastalıklar

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