Research Article

Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent

Volume: 12 Number: Özel Sayı November 30, 2025
TR EN

Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent

Abstract

Educational institutions have historically assumed central roles not only in the transmission of knowledge but also in the shaping of social structures and the construction of collective identities. This article examines madrasas in the Indian Subcontinent from a sociological perspective, arguing that they functioned not merely as centers of religious learning but also as institutional mechanisms of social stratification and identity formation. Institutionalized since the period of the Dihlī Sulṭānate (1206–1526) and the Mug̱ẖal Empire (1526–1857), the madrasa system simultaneously transmitted scholarly knowledge and religious authority to Muslim communities while offering opportunities for social mobility, thereby enabling individuals from lower social strata to attain higher intellectual and spiritual status. At the same time, however, madrasas concentrated religious authority and cultural capital within specific groups, thereby reproducing social differentiation and consolidating hierarchies of knowledge. The study employs Émile Durkheim’s approach to social integration, Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of cultural capital and habitus, and Max Weber’s analysis of status groups as its primary theoretical framework, while Berger and Luckmann’s theory of social construction serves as a complementary lens for understanding the processes of identity formation. The research adopts a conceptual analysis method rather than empirical fieldwork; it draws upon historical sources, archival materials, and both classical and contemporary literature on Islamic education. This approach enables a theoretically consistent examination of how madrasas evolved as dynamic institutions reflecting broader transformations in Muslim societies. The article’s original contribution lies in its integrative interpretation of madrasas as institutions performing multiple and sometimes contradictory social functions—equalizing, differentiating, and identity-forming—within the broader sociology of religion.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmad, Imtiaz. Caste and Social Stratification Among the Muslims of India. New Delhi: Manohar, 1973.
  2. Alam, Muzaffar. The Languages of Political Islam in India, 1200–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
  3. Ali, M. Athar. The Mug̱ẖal Nobility Under Aurangzeb. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  4. Barth, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969.
  5. Bano, Masooda. The Rational Believer: Choices and Decisions in the Madrasas of Pakistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.
  6. Berger, Peter L. – Luckmann, Thomas. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.
  7. Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
  8. Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Religious Studies (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

November 30, 2025

Submission Date

September 1, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 21, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 12 Number: Özel Sayı

APA
Coşgun Solak, M. (2025). Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1775285
AMA
1.Coşgun Solak M. Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2025;12(Özel Sayı):123-143. doi:10.33718/tid.1775285
Chicago
Coşgun Solak, Melek. 2025. “Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12 (Özel Sayı): 123-43. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1775285.
EndNote
Coşgun Solak M (November 1, 2025) Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12 Özel Sayı 123–143.
IEEE
[1]M. Coşgun Solak, “Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent”, Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, vol. 12, no. Özel Sayı, pp. 123–143, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.33718/tid.1775285.
ISNAD
Coşgun Solak, Melek. “Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12/Özel Sayı (November 1, 2025): 123-143. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1775285.
JAMA
1.Coşgun Solak M. Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2025;12:123–143.
MLA
Coşgun Solak, Melek. “Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, vol. 12, no. Özel Sayı, Nov. 2025, pp. 123-4, doi:10.33718/tid.1775285.
Vancouver
1.Melek Coşgun Solak. Madrasas, Social Stratification, and Identity Formation: The Sociological Functions of Islamic Education in the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2025 Nov. 1;12(Özel Sayı):123-4. doi:10.33718/tid.1775285