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Budist Sanatta ve İkonografide Buda’nın Temel Mudraları ve Fiziksel Özellikleri

Year 2021, , - , 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.986412

Abstract

İkonografik ögeler sanat tarihinin olduğu kadar dinler tarihinin de önemli kaynaklarındandır. Bu eserlerden dinî şahıslara, öğretilere ve anlatılara dair geniş malumat elde edilebilir. Üzerinde çalışacağımız Budizm ikonografi yönünden son derece zengin bir dinî gelenektir. Antik Hint sanatı üzerine bina edilen, Pers ve Grek sanatından etkilenen ve yayıldığı toprakların kültürel rengini bünyesine katan Budist sanat, tarih boyunca çok zengin ikonografik eserler üretmiştir. Budist ikonografinin temel unsuru Buda’dır. Buda’nın şahsı, yaşamı ve öğretisi bu eserlerde Budist sanatçılar tarafından tasvir edilmiştir. Bu tasvirler içinde öne çıkan bir husus ise mudra adı verilen el jestleridir. Bedenin genel duruşu da dikkate alınarak değerlendirilen mudralar Buda ve Budist gelenek açısından çok kıymetli bilgiler ortaya koyar. Elinizdeki makale görsel ögeler eşliğinde temel mudralar, bunların anlamı ve önemi ile Budist sanatta Buda’nın öne çıkan kimi fiziksel özellikleri üzerinde duracak, Budist ikonografinin Budist geleneği ve öğretiyi aktarmadaki önemini ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır. Bunu yaparken çalışmada Budist sanat ve ikonografi, sanat tarihi yaklaşımı ile değil, dinler tarihi bakış açısı ile ele alınacaktır.

References

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  • Guruge, Ananda W. P. The Buddha’s Encounters with Måra the Tempter: Their Representation in Literature and Art. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1997.
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  • Gül, Ali. Ansiklopedik Hinduizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Harvard Art Museum. “Standing Buddha Shakyamuni in Varada- mudra”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://harvardartmuseums.org/art/317909
  • Huntington, John C. “Primary Mudras of the Major Buddhas”. Erişim 12 Mart 2021. https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/webPresentations/mudraInAsianBuddhism.pdf
  • Kaya, Korhan. Buddhizm Sözlüğü. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2017.
  • Kayalı, Yalçın. “Hindistan Kuşan İmparatorluğunun Yükselme Dönemi ve Kral Kanişka (MS 78-99)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 55/2 (2015), 189-204.
  • Khan Academy. “A Buddha from Mathura”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/south- asia/x97ec695a:1000-b-c-e-500ce-indo-gangetic-plain/a/a-buddha-from-mathura
  • Krishnan, Gauri Parimoo. “The Roots and Legacy of the Art of Nalanda as seen at Srivijaya”. Nalanda, Srivijaya and Beyond: Re-exploring Buddhist Art in Asia. ed. Gauri Parimoo Krishnan. 153-200. Singapore: National Heritage Board, 2008.
  • Kulke, Hermann - Rothermund, Dietmar. Hindistan Tarihi. çev. Müfit Günay. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2001.
  • McElro, D. R. Signs & Symbols of the World. New York: Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc., 2020.
  • Mitra, Rajendralala. Buddha Gaya: The Hermitage of Sakyamuni. Bengal: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1878.
  • Moore, Albert C. Iconography of Religions: An Introduction. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971. MU, Museum of Art and Archaeology. “The Buddha Calling the Earth to Witness”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://maa.missouri.edu/30-objects/27
  • Nakamura, Hajime. Budha. çev. Zeynep Seyhan. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2017.
  • Patancali. Yogasutra, çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Pali Canon Online. “DN30 Lakkhaṇa Sutta: The Marks of a Great Man”. Erişim 27 Mart 2021. http://www.palicanon.org/en/sutta-pitaka/transcribed-suttas/majjhima-nikaya/145-mn-90-kaakatthala-sutta-at-kaakatthala.html
  • Photo Dharma. “The Buildings, Statues and Drawings at Wat Pho, Bangkok, Thailand”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.photodharma.net/Thailand/Wat-Pho-Buildings/Wat-Pho-Buildings.htm
  • Phuoc, Lee Huu. Buddhist Architecture. USA: Grafikol, 2010.
  • Rajput, Munira Shahid. “The Source, Meanings And Use Of ‘Mudra’ Across Religions”. International Journal of Computational Research and Development (IJCRD) 1/1 (2016), 36-41.
  • Rockhill, William Woodville. The Life of the Buddha: And the Early History of His Order. London: Trübner & Co., 1884.
  • Schroeder, Ulrich Von. Buddhist Scupltures of the Alain Bordier Foundation. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd., 2010.
  • Shakya, Min Bahadur. The Iconography of Nephalese Buddhism. Kathmandu: Handicraft Association of Nepal, 1994.
  • Stratton, Carol. Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Chicago: Silkworm Books Buppha Press, 2004.
  • Sunay, Serkan. “Erken Hristiyan ve Bizans Sanatında Hâle”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi 16/50 (2012 Kış), 197-213.
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  • The Seeker’s Glossary Of Buddhism. Taiwan: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., 1998.
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Expounding the Dharma”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/74832
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Offering Protection”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/72392
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Offering Protection”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38965
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Preaching the First Sermon at Sarnath”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38123
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Seated Under the Bodhi Tree”. Erişim 7 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39491
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha”. Erişim 5 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/75414
  • Thera, Piyadassi. The Buddha His Life and Teachings. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1982.
  • Victoria and Albert Museum. “Head of the Buddha”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O25038/head-of-the-buddha-sculpture-unknown/
  • Win, Su Latt. “The Significance of the Buddha Footprint in the Bagan Metropolis”. SAAAP Bagan Metropolis Conference (July 9-15, 2017), 1-12. Erişim 13 Mart 2021. https://www.soas.ac.uk/saaap/news/file126601.pdf
  • Xing, Guang. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory. London: Routledege Curzon, 2005.
  • Yale University Art Gallery. “Asian Art”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/112686
  • Zöngür, Canan. “Buda Heykelleri ve Sembolleri”. International Social Sciences Studies Journal 6/64 (2020), 2453-2468.

Buddha's Basic Mudras and Physical Characteristics in Buddhist Art and Iconography

Year 2021, , - , 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.986412

Abstract

Iconographic elements are among the important sources of the history of religions as well as the history of art. From these works, extensive information about religious persons, teachings and narratives can be obtained. The Buddhism we will be working on is an extremely rich religious tradition in terms of iconography. Buddhist art, built on ancient Indian art, influenced by Persian and Greek art and incorporating the cultural color of the lands it has spread to, has produced very rich iconographic works throughout history. The key element of Buddhist iconography is Buddha. Buddha's personality, life and teaching are depicted by Buddhist artists in these works. One of the prominent points in these depictions is hand gestures called mudra. Mudras, which are evaluated by considering the general posture of the body, reveal very valuable information in terms of Buddha and the Buddhist tradition. The article in your hand, accompanied by visual elements, will focus on the basic mudras, their meaning and importance, and some prominent physical features of the Buddha in Buddhist art, and will try to reveal the importance of Buddhist iconography in conveying the Buddhist tradition and doctrine. While doing this, the study will deal with Buddhist art and iconography with perspective of history of religions, not with history of art.

References

  • Access to Insight Readings in Theravada Buddhism. “Ariyapariyesana Sutta: The Noble Search (Majjhima Nikaya 26)”. Erişim 14 Mart 2021. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html#fnt-1
  • Access to Insight Readings in Theravada Buddhism. “Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11)”. Erişim 14 Mart 2021. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html
  • Access to Insight Readings in Theravada Buddhism. “Muccalinda Sutta: About Muccalinda”. Erişim 29 Mart 2021. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.2.01.irel.html
  • Amazon. “Large Buddha Figure in Dharmachakra-Mudra Pose Ivory-look”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Large-Buddha-Figure-Dharmachakra-Mudra-Ivory-look/dp/B003CX718Q
  • Ancient Origiens. “The Leshan Giant Buddha: Largest Stone Buddha in the World”. Erişim 12 Mayıs 2021. https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/leshan-giant-buddha-largest-stone-buddha-world-003398
  • Art Gallery of NSW. “Buddha calling the Earth to witness (bhumisparsha mudra)”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/83.1997/
  • Art History Glossary. “Urna”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://blog.stephens.edu/arh101glossary/?glossary=urna
  • Artsy. “The Complex Meanings Behind Hand Gestures in Buddhist Art”. Erişim 21 Mart 2021. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-complex-meanings-handgestures-buddhist-art
  • Asian Art. “The Ushnisha”. Erişim 5 Mart 2021. https://www.buddha-heads.com/buddha-head-statues/the-ushnisha/
  • Avron, Henri. Budacılık. çev. İsmail Yerguz. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, 2006.
  • Brodd, Jeffrey. World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery. Winona: Saint Mary’s Press, 2002.
  • Buddha-Images. “Varada mudra”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. http://www.buddha-images.com/varada-mudra.asp
  • Buddhist Birth-Stories (Jataka Tales): The Commentarial Introduction Entitled Nidana-Katha The Story Of The Lineage. çev. T. W. Ryhs Davids. London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd., 1878.
  • Buddhist Studies. “Footprints of the Buddha”. Erişim 30 Nisan 2021. http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/b_feet.htm
  • Budha Images. “Dhyana Mudra”. Erişim 7 Mayıs 2021. http://www.buddha-images.com/meditation.asp
  • Buswell, Robert E. - Lopez, Donald S. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Casanowicz, Immanuel M. Descriptive Catalogue of the Collection of Buddhist Art in the United States National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1921.
  • Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. - Horner, I. B. The Living Thoughts of Gotama the Buddha. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 2000.
  • Çelebi, Asaf Hâlet. Pali Metinlerine Göre Gotama Buddha. Ankara: Hece Yayınları, 2015.
  • Deniker, J. “Introduction”. The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History and Iconography. mlf. Alice Getty. xvii-lii. New York: Dover Publications, 1928.
  • Dhammatalks.org. “3:7 Sela”. Erişim 23 Mart 2021. https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/KN/StNp/StNp3_7.html
  • Donaldson, Thomas E. Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, 2001.
  • Ellwood, Robert S. - Alles, Gregory D. “Buddha, the”. The Encyclopedia of World Religions. 62-65. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2007.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Gandhara art”. Erişim 17 Nisan 2021. https://www.britannica.com/art/Gandhara-art
  • Exotic India. “Mudras of the Great Buddha: Symbolic Gestures and Postures”. Erişim 7 Mart 2021. https://web.stanford.edu/class/history11sc/pdfs/mudras.pdf
  • Göğebakan, Yüksel. “Hale Biçiminin Kaynağı ve Erken Dönem Hıristiyan Resim Sanatında Kullanımı”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi 38 (2017), 21-36.
  • Grünwedel, Albert. Buddhist Art in India. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999.
  • Guruge, Ananda W. P. The Buddha’s Encounters with Måra the Tempter: Their Representation in Literature and Art. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1997.
  • Gül, Ali. “Giriş: Ana Hatlarıyla Budizm”. Budist Kateşizm. mlf. Henry Steel Olcott. çev. Ali Gül. 9-27. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Gül, Ali. Ansiklopedik Hinduizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Harvard Art Museum. “Standing Buddha Shakyamuni in Varada- mudra”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://harvardartmuseums.org/art/317909
  • Huntington, John C. “Primary Mudras of the Major Buddhas”. Erişim 12 Mart 2021. https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/webPresentations/mudraInAsianBuddhism.pdf
  • Kaya, Korhan. Buddhizm Sözlüğü. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2017.
  • Kayalı, Yalçın. “Hindistan Kuşan İmparatorluğunun Yükselme Dönemi ve Kral Kanişka (MS 78-99)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 55/2 (2015), 189-204.
  • Khan Academy. “A Buddha from Mathura”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/south- asia/x97ec695a:1000-b-c-e-500ce-indo-gangetic-plain/a/a-buddha-from-mathura
  • Krishnan, Gauri Parimoo. “The Roots and Legacy of the Art of Nalanda as seen at Srivijaya”. Nalanda, Srivijaya and Beyond: Re-exploring Buddhist Art in Asia. ed. Gauri Parimoo Krishnan. 153-200. Singapore: National Heritage Board, 2008.
  • Kulke, Hermann - Rothermund, Dietmar. Hindistan Tarihi. çev. Müfit Günay. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2001.
  • McElro, D. R. Signs & Symbols of the World. New York: Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc., 2020.
  • Mitra, Rajendralala. Buddha Gaya: The Hermitage of Sakyamuni. Bengal: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1878.
  • Moore, Albert C. Iconography of Religions: An Introduction. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971. MU, Museum of Art and Archaeology. “The Buddha Calling the Earth to Witness”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://maa.missouri.edu/30-objects/27
  • Nakamura, Hajime. Budha. çev. Zeynep Seyhan. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2017.
  • Patancali. Yogasutra, çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Pali Canon Online. “DN30 Lakkhaṇa Sutta: The Marks of a Great Man”. Erişim 27 Mart 2021. http://www.palicanon.org/en/sutta-pitaka/transcribed-suttas/majjhima-nikaya/145-mn-90-kaakatthala-sutta-at-kaakatthala.html
  • Photo Dharma. “The Buildings, Statues and Drawings at Wat Pho, Bangkok, Thailand”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.photodharma.net/Thailand/Wat-Pho-Buildings/Wat-Pho-Buildings.htm
  • Phuoc, Lee Huu. Buddhist Architecture. USA: Grafikol, 2010.
  • Rajput, Munira Shahid. “The Source, Meanings And Use Of ‘Mudra’ Across Religions”. International Journal of Computational Research and Development (IJCRD) 1/1 (2016), 36-41.
  • Rockhill, William Woodville. The Life of the Buddha: And the Early History of His Order. London: Trübner & Co., 1884.
  • Schroeder, Ulrich Von. Buddhist Scupltures of the Alain Bordier Foundation. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd., 2010.
  • Shakya, Min Bahadur. The Iconography of Nephalese Buddhism. Kathmandu: Handicraft Association of Nepal, 1994.
  • Stratton, Carol. Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Chicago: Silkworm Books Buppha Press, 2004.
  • Sunay, Serkan. “Erken Hristiyan ve Bizans Sanatında Hâle”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi 16/50 (2012 Kış), 197-213.
  • Sutta Central. “Saṃyutta Nikaya 4: 25. Mara’a Daughters”. Erişim 11 Mart 2021. https://suttacentral.net/sn4.25/en/bodhi
  • Suttas.com. “MN 91 Brahmayu Sutta: Brahmayu”. Erişim 8 Nisan 2021. http://www.suttas.com/mn-91-brahmayu-sutta-brahmayu.html
  • The Indian Museum “Bharhut Gallery”. Erişim 11 Nisan 2021. https://indianmuseumkolkata.org/collection/MTQ%3D
  • The Seeker’s Glossary Of Buddhism. Taiwan: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., 1998.
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Expounding the Dharma”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/74832
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Offering Protection”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/72392
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Offering Protection”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38965
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Preaching the First Sermon at Sarnath”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38123
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha Seated Under the Bodhi Tree”. Erişim 7 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39491
  • THEMET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Buddha”. Erişim 5 Mayıs 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/75414
  • Thera, Piyadassi. The Buddha His Life and Teachings. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1982.
  • Victoria and Albert Museum. “Head of the Buddha”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O25038/head-of-the-buddha-sculpture-unknown/
  • Win, Su Latt. “The Significance of the Buddha Footprint in the Bagan Metropolis”. SAAAP Bagan Metropolis Conference (July 9-15, 2017), 1-12. Erişim 13 Mart 2021. https://www.soas.ac.uk/saaap/news/file126601.pdf
  • Xing, Guang. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory. London: Routledege Curzon, 2005.
  • Yale University Art Gallery. “Asian Art”. Erişim 8 Mayıs 2021. https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/112686
  • Zöngür, Canan. “Buda Heykelleri ve Sembolleri”. International Social Sciences Studies Journal 6/64 (2020), 2453-2468.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Ali Gül 0000-0003-2271-8390

Publication Date December 28, 2021
Submission Date August 24, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

ISNAD Gül, Ali. “Budist Sanatta Ve İkonografide Buda’nın Temel Mudraları Ve Fiziksel Özellikleri”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 8/2 (December 2021). https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.986412.

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