Year 2019,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 46 - 53, 31.12.2019
Ayodeji Omotehinse
P.o. Akpaka
References
- 1. Martchamadol, J.; and Kumar, S. Thailand's energy security indicators. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2012, 16, 6103–6122.
- 2. Abas, N.; Kalair, A.; Khan, N. Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies. Futures, 69, 2015, 31–49.
- 3. Hasheminejad, M.; Tabatabaei, M.; Mansourpanah, Y.; and Javani, A. Upstream and Downstream Strategies to Economize Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102, 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.094
- 4. Ayhan, D. Progress and Recent Trends in Biodiesel Fuels: A Demirbas. Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 2009, 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.001.
- 5. Felizardo, P.; Machado, J.; and Vergneiro, D. Study on the Glycerolysis Reaction of High Free Fatty Acid Oils for Use as Biodiesel Feedstock. Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92, 1225-1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.020.
- 6. Balat, M.; and Balat, H. Progress in Biodiesel Processing. Applied Energy, 2010, 87, 1815-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.012
- 7. Siriwardhana, M.; Opathella, G.K.C.; Jha, M.K. Bio-diesel: Initiatives, potential and prospects in Thailand: A review. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, 554–559.
- 8. Takase, M.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, M.; Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Yang, L.; Wu, X. An expatiate review of neem, jatropha, rubber and karanja as multipurpose non-edible biodiesel resources and comparison of their fuel, engine and emission properties. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 495–520.
- 9. Mukherjee, I.; and Sovacool, B.K. Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in Southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 1–12.
- 10. Ulfah, M.; Mulyazmi, Burmawi, E.; Praputri, E.; Sundari and Firdaus. Biodiesel production methods of rubber seed oil: a review. 3rd ICChESA 2017, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 334, 012006 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/334/1/012006. Pp. 1-7.
- 11. Abdul Shokib, Gumanti, P.; and Rachimoellah, M. Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Supercritical Methanol Method. The Journal for Technology and Science, 2010, Vol. 21, No. 2.
- 12. Rismawati, R.; Zakir, S.; Ainun, P.H.; Rasdin, J.; Rahmania, M. Production of Biodiesel from a Traditional Coconut Oil Using NaOH/γ -Al2O3 Heterogeneous Catalyst. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018, 175, 012025 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012025.
- 13. Kouassi, K.E.; Abolle, A.; Benjamin Yao, K.; Boa, D.; Adouby, K.; Drogui, P.; and Tyagi, R.D. Optimization of Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification to Biodiesel Using Experimental Designs and Artificial Neural Networks. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2018, 8, 39-61. https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2018.81004.
- 14. Winoto, V.; and Yoswathana, N. Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil. Energies, 12, 2019, 230; doi:10.3390/en12020230
- 15. Gashaw, A.; Teshita, A. Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Factors Affecting Its Formation: A Review. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2014, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 92-98. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20140305.12.
- 16. Jagadale, S.S.; and Jugulkar, L.M. Review of Various Reaction Parameters and Other Factors Affecting on Production of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 2012, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp-407-411.
- 17. Widayat, W.; and Suherman, S. Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil via Esterification Process. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development. 2012, DOI: 10.14710/ijred.1 (2): 57-60.
- 18. Meena Devi, R.; Subadevi, R.; Raj, S.P.; and Sivakumar, M. Comparative Studies on BiodieselFrom Rubber Seed Oil Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, International Journal of Green Energy, 2015, 12:12,1215-1221, DOI: 0.1080/15435075.2014.893879.19. Widayat, W.; Wibowo, A.D.K.; Hadiyanto. Study on Production Process of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed (Hevea Brasiliensis) by in Situ (Trans) Esterification Method with Acid Catalyst. Energy Procedia, 2013, Volume 32, Pages 64-73.
- 20. Mathiyazhagan, M.; and Ganapathi, A. Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production. Research in Plant Biology, 2011, 1(2): 01-05.
- 21. Atadashi, I.M.; Aroua, M.K.; Abdul Aziz, A. High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14:1999–2008.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RUBBER SEED OIL - BASED BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND KENDALL’S COEFFICIENT OF CONCORDANCE TECHNIQUES
Year 2019,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 46 - 53, 31.12.2019
Ayodeji Omotehinse
P.o. Akpaka
Abstract
The
inability of oils and hydroelectric sources to meet the ever growing demand
experienced in global energy in recent years has generated a lot of concern.
The continuous increase in the demand for energy and the dwindling tendency of
petroleum resources has steered endless search for alternative renewable and
sustainable fuel. This study adopts a novel combination of Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (KCC) to analyze some
factors that affect rubber seed oil-based biodiesel production which has been
found to be a good substitute and most advantageous over petrol diesel because
of its environmental friendliness. The KCC was used to analyze the data matrix
generated by thirteen Judges who were requested to rank the thirty-one variables
identified from relevant literature to influence biodiesel production in descending
order of importance upon which basis an index of concordance in ranking among
the judges was computed as W = 0.84. PCA was used to analyze the outcomes of
the questionnaires crafted with thirty-one of the well-ordered variables,
purposively selected, using statistiXL software. The results obtained by KCC provide
basic insight into how consistence the Judges were in ranking the variables
while the results by PCA shows that significant parsimony was achieved in
factor reduction from thirty one variables to mere seven factors which represent
the principal factors that influence rubber seed oil-based biodiesel
production.
References
- 1. Martchamadol, J.; and Kumar, S. Thailand's energy security indicators. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2012, 16, 6103–6122.
- 2. Abas, N.; Kalair, A.; Khan, N. Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies. Futures, 69, 2015, 31–49.
- 3. Hasheminejad, M.; Tabatabaei, M.; Mansourpanah, Y.; and Javani, A. Upstream and Downstream Strategies to Economize Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102, 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.094
- 4. Ayhan, D. Progress and Recent Trends in Biodiesel Fuels: A Demirbas. Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 2009, 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.001.
- 5. Felizardo, P.; Machado, J.; and Vergneiro, D. Study on the Glycerolysis Reaction of High Free Fatty Acid Oils for Use as Biodiesel Feedstock. Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92, 1225-1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.020.
- 6. Balat, M.; and Balat, H. Progress in Biodiesel Processing. Applied Energy, 2010, 87, 1815-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.012
- 7. Siriwardhana, M.; Opathella, G.K.C.; Jha, M.K. Bio-diesel: Initiatives, potential and prospects in Thailand: A review. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, 554–559.
- 8. Takase, M.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, M.; Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Yang, L.; Wu, X. An expatiate review of neem, jatropha, rubber and karanja as multipurpose non-edible biodiesel resources and comparison of their fuel, engine and emission properties. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 495–520.
- 9. Mukherjee, I.; and Sovacool, B.K. Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in Southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 1–12.
- 10. Ulfah, M.; Mulyazmi, Burmawi, E.; Praputri, E.; Sundari and Firdaus. Biodiesel production methods of rubber seed oil: a review. 3rd ICChESA 2017, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 334, 012006 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/334/1/012006. Pp. 1-7.
- 11. Abdul Shokib, Gumanti, P.; and Rachimoellah, M. Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Supercritical Methanol Method. The Journal for Technology and Science, 2010, Vol. 21, No. 2.
- 12. Rismawati, R.; Zakir, S.; Ainun, P.H.; Rasdin, J.; Rahmania, M. Production of Biodiesel from a Traditional Coconut Oil Using NaOH/γ -Al2O3 Heterogeneous Catalyst. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018, 175, 012025 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012025.
- 13. Kouassi, K.E.; Abolle, A.; Benjamin Yao, K.; Boa, D.; Adouby, K.; Drogui, P.; and Tyagi, R.D. Optimization of Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification to Biodiesel Using Experimental Designs and Artificial Neural Networks. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2018, 8, 39-61. https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2018.81004.
- 14. Winoto, V.; and Yoswathana, N. Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil. Energies, 12, 2019, 230; doi:10.3390/en12020230
- 15. Gashaw, A.; Teshita, A. Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Factors Affecting Its Formation: A Review. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2014, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 92-98. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20140305.12.
- 16. Jagadale, S.S.; and Jugulkar, L.M. Review of Various Reaction Parameters and Other Factors Affecting on Production of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 2012, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp-407-411.
- 17. Widayat, W.; and Suherman, S. Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil via Esterification Process. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development. 2012, DOI: 10.14710/ijred.1 (2): 57-60.
- 18. Meena Devi, R.; Subadevi, R.; Raj, S.P.; and Sivakumar, M. Comparative Studies on BiodieselFrom Rubber Seed Oil Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, International Journal of Green Energy, 2015, 12:12,1215-1221, DOI: 0.1080/15435075.2014.893879.19. Widayat, W.; Wibowo, A.D.K.; Hadiyanto. Study on Production Process of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed (Hevea Brasiliensis) by in Situ (Trans) Esterification Method with Acid Catalyst. Energy Procedia, 2013, Volume 32, Pages 64-73.
- 20. Mathiyazhagan, M.; and Ganapathi, A. Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production. Research in Plant Biology, 2011, 1(2): 01-05.
- 21. Atadashi, I.M.; Aroua, M.K.; Abdul Aziz, A. High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14:1999–2008.