The Late Burdigalian–Langhian Time Interval in Turkey and the Palaeoenvironment and Palaeoclimatic Implications and Correlation of Europe and Turkey: Late Burdigalian- Langhian Palynofloras and Palaeoclimatic properties of the Muğla–Milas Kultak

Abstract

In this study, the Kultak palynoflora of the Muğla–Milas–Ören Kultak region, which is characterized by Ulmus, Pinus haploxylon–type , Picea–Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Castaneae, Cyrillaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae, Carya, Engelhardia, Taxodiaceae, Quercus, Salix, and Myricaceae taxa, are firstly defined and this palynoflora is seen to correspond with the MN5–6 boundary. The Kultak palynolfora is compared with previously defined palynofloras of Turkey Ankara–Çayırhan, Balıkesir–Bigadiç; Gönen, Samsun–Havza, Çanakkale–Çan, Çanakkale–Etili and Aydın–Başçayır; Kuloğulları and Greece Kolivata, Evia ve Spanokhorion . Numerical climatic parameters the mean annual temperature “MAT”, the mean annual coldest month “CMT”, the mean annual warmest month “WMT”, and the mean annual range of temperature “MART” for all late Burdigalian–Langhian palynofloras of both countries are obtained using the “Coexistence Approach” analaysis method. The effects of the Middle Miocene climatic optimum period on Turkey and Greece, which is recorded in the late Burdigalian–Langihan time interval in Europe, are discussed. This warm climatic period generally caused an increase in the CMT values. Influences of the palaeoclimatic and palaeotopographic changes on the palaeovegetation are interpreted, and especially their influences on termophilous plants i.e. Schizaceae, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae and Cyrillaceae grown in the palaeoflora of Europe and Turkey. Palaeovegetational differences during the Miocene time could be related to the palaeotopographic changes involved in the palaeogeography and palaeoclimatic changing which is observed on a global scale, based on the data obtained in the Milas-Kultak area

Keywords

• Milas–Kultak
• Palynology
• late Burdigalian
• Langhian Palaeoclimatology
• Palaeovegetation
• Palaeogeography

Türkiye’de Geç Burdigaliyen–Langiyen Periyodu ve Avrupa ile Paleortamsal ve Paleoiklimsel Karşılaştırma: Muğla–Milas Kultak Geç Burdigaliyen-Langiyen Palinoflorası ve Paleoiklimsel Özellikleri

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Polypodiaceae, Osmundaceae, Ulmus, Pinus haploxylon–tip , Picea–Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Castaneae, Cyrillaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae, Carya, Engelhardia, Quercus, Taxodiaceae, Salix ve Myricaceae formları ile temsil edilen ve Neojen memeli zonlarından MN 5-6 sınırına karşılık gelen Burdigaliyen-Langiyen palinoflorası Muğla-Milas-Ören Kultak yöresi için ilk kez tanımlanmıştır. Tanımlanan palinoflora Türkiye Ankara–Çayırhan, Balıkesir–Bigadiç ve Gönen, Samsun–Havza, Çanakkale–Çan, Çanakkale–Etili ve Aydın–Başçayır ve Kuloğulları ve Yunanistan’da ait Kolivata, Evia ve Spanokhorion daha önce tanımlanmış olan palinofloralar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Türkiye ve Yunanistan’a ait Geç Burdigaliyen–Langiyen palinofloraları “Coexistence Approach” analiz yöntemi kullanılarak, sayısal iklimsel parametreler yıllık ortalama sıcaklık “MAT”, en soğuk ayın ortalama sıcaklığı “CMT”, en sıcak ayın ortalama sıcaklığı “WMT” ve yıllık sıcaklık amplitüdü “MART” açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Geç Burdigaliyen–Langiyen zaman aralığında Orta Avrupa’da tanımlanmış “Orta Miyosen sıcak iklim dönemi”nin, Türkiye ve Yunanistan’da aynı döneme ait paleocoğrafyalar üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmış ve bu sıcak iklim döneminin, genelde CMT değerlerinin yükselmesine neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada paleoiklim ve paleotopoğrafik değişimlerin paleovejetasyon üzerine etkileri yorumlanmış ve özellikle Orta Avrupa ve Türkiye palinofloralarında sıcak iklim koşullarında Örneğin; Schizaceae, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae ve Cyrillaceae gelişebilen bitkilerin çoğaldığı belirlenmiştir. Milas-Kultak alanından elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak, Miyosen’de gözlenen vejetasyonel farklılaşmanın, palaeocoğrafya ya bağlı bölgesel palaeotopoğrafik özelliklerin ve dünya ölçeğinde gözlenen palaeoiklimsel değişimlerin etkisinde geliştiği söylenebilir

Keywords

• Milas–Kultak
• geç Burdigaliyen
• Langiyen
• Palinoloji
• Paleoiklim
• Paleovejetasyon
• Paleocoğrafya

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