Origin of a-Seismic Surface Deformations in the Gediz (Alaşehir) Graben

Abstract

Although there has been no earthquake in the Gediz (Alaşehir) Graben since the 1969 Alaşehir earthquake to cause a surface rupture, serious surface cracks and depressions occur between the Alaşehir and Sarıgöl area. Studies performed in the region have not reached a consensus on whether these deformations are due to tectonic effects or groundwater level changes. Our research claims to evaluate the 2D vertical and horizontal velocity ratios obtained by using the PS-InSAR technique in the light of geological information and to establish the tectonic model that caused the deformation. For this, Sentinel-1 satellite images between 2015-2023 were used. Accordingly, the deformation rate in the hanging-wall of the Sarıgöl Fault is -26 mm/y and +3 mm/y in the footwall. This means that under the tectonic regime, the Bozdağ Horst is uplifing while the graben is continuously collapsing. The Swath profiles clearly show that the graben border faults directly control the subsidence geometry of the basin. The fact that we obtained 11 mm/y (westward) and 7 mm/y (eastward) horizontal movements in opposite directions in the area of the maximum vertical deformation area indicates that the subsidence occurred with radial bulging in the horizontal plane and in a synformal geometry vertically. That is, the horizontal movement is related to the geometry and type of the southern border faults that directly control the subsidence regime of the basin, rather than the NW-SE directional compression in the region. In addition, the vertical deformations, which increase towards the southern margin and decrease towards the interior of the basin, point that the main graben fault with listric geometry may have been caused by a domino-style reversal in the hanging-wall. The fact that the deformations are not visible from the west of Alaşehir is due to the fact that the Alaşehir and Salihli sub-basins mentioned in the literature are limited by a covered semi-vertical fault. The observations of inconsistencies in vertical velocity and groundwater level changes at some points and the fact that these points are close to surface ruptures caused by the Alaşehir earthquake suggest that a significant part of the deformations occurred under tectonic effects. As a result, the deformations between Alaşehir and Sarıgöl occurred with a-seismic creep that occurred during the ongoing interseismic phase, in addition to the seismic pulses that developed in the coseismic phase of the 1969 Alaşehir earthquake. Therefore, attributing current deformations to groundwater level changes alone may lead to erroneous modellings. Sudden changes in the groundwater level cause the a-seismic deformation that will occur during the interseismic phase to accelerate the sediment consolidation developed under tectonic control and cause deformations to occur rapidly.

Keywords

• PS-InSAR
• active tectonics
• StaMPS
• Gediz Graben
• radar interferometry
• Sarıgöl-Alaşehir/Manisa

Project Number

Proje Yok

Gediz (Alaşehir) Grabeni’nde Gelişen A-Sismik Yüzey Deformasyonların Kökeni

Abstract

Gediz (Alaşehir) Grabeni’nde 1969 Alaşehir depreminden sonra yüzey kırığı oluşturacak büyüklükte bir deprem olmamasına rağmen, Alaşehir-Sarıgöl arasında ciddi yüzey çatlakları ve çöküntüler meydana gelmektedir. Bölgede yapılan çalışmalarda, bu deformasyonların tektonik etkilerden mi yoksa yeraltı su seviyesi (YAS) değişimlerinden mi kaynaklandığı konusunda henüz bir fikir birliğine varılamamıştır. Bu araştırma, PS-InSAR tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen 2B’lu düşey ve yatay hız oranlarının jeolojik bilgiler ışığında değerlendirilmesini ve deformasyona neden olan tektonik modelin ortaya konmasını hedeflemiştir. Bunun için 2015-2023 yılları arasındaki Sentinel-1 uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Buna göre Sarıgöl Fayı’nın tavan bloğunda deformasyon hızı -26 mm/yıl, taban bloğunda +3 mm/yıl’dır. Bu da aktif tektonik rejim altında Bozdağ Horstu’nun yükselirken, grabenin sürekli çöktüğünü göstermektedir. Alınan Şerit profiller, graben kenar faylarının havzanın çöküntü geometrisini doğrudan kontrol ettiğini göstermektedir. Bulgularımıza göre 11 mm/yıl (batıya) ile 7 mm/yıl (doğuya) zıt yönlü yatay hareketlerin maksimum düşey deformasyon alanında gözlenmesi, çökmenin yatay düzlemde radyal yayılımla, düşeyde ise senformal geometride gerçekleştiğini gösterir. Yani, yatay hareket bölgedeki KB-GD yönlü sıkışmadan ziyade, havzanın çökme rejimini kontrol eden güney kenar faylarının geometrisi ve türüyle ilişkilidir. Güney kenara doğru artan, havzanın içine doğru azalan düşey deformasyonlar, listrik geometrili ana graben fayının tavan bloğundaki domino tarzı geri dönüşe işaret eder. Deformasyonların Alaşehir’in batısından itibaren gözükmemesi, literatürde bahsedildiği gibi Alaşehir ve Salihli alt havzalarının örtülü yarı düşey bir fayla sınırlanmış olmasından kaynaklanır. Bazı noktalarda düşey hız ve YAS değişimlerine ait tutarsızlıkların gözlenmesi ve bu noktaların Alaşehir depremi ile oluşmuş yüzey kırıklarına yakın olması, deformasyonların önemli bir bölümünün tektonik etkiler altında meydana geldiğini düşündürmektedir. Sonuç olarak deformasyonlar, 1969 Alaşehir depreminin kosismik evresinde gelişen sismik atımlara ek olarak, intersismik dönemde meydana gelen a-sismik kaymalarla oluşmuştur. Bu nedenle mevcut deformasyonları tek başına yeraltı su seviyesi değişimlerine bağlamak hatalı modellemelere neden olabilir. YAS’taki ani değişimler, intersismik dönemde meydana gelecek a-sismik deformasyonun, tektonik kontrol altında gelişen sediman konsolidasyonu hızlandırmasına ve deformasyonların hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleşmesine neden olmaktadır.

Keywords

• PS-InSAR
• aktif tektonik
• StaMPS
• Gediz Grabeni
• radar interferometri
• Sarıgöl-Alaşehir/Manisa

Supporting Institution

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi

Project Number

Proje Yok

Thanks

Dr. Çiğdem TEPE, Doç. Dr. Ökmen SÜMER ve Dr. Atilla ONGAR

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