The Origin of Oltu Stone (Turbostratic Carbon) from the Olur-Tortum Area: A Natural Composite Carbonaceous Material (Erzurum, Türkiye)

Abstract

This study focuses on geological, microstructural, oxygen isotopic, and thermogravimetric investigations of Oltu stone, which is the most important turbostratic carbonaceous material in Turkey. The results of our investigations indicate that the carbonaceous Oltu stone material (specific gravity of 1.317) is not an organic material, such as jet, derived from fossilized wood. Rather, it is composed of a carbonaceous phase intermediate between amorphous carbon and crystallized graphite (termed turbostratic carbon), that is intercalated with flysch and formed by the reduction of seeping magmatic carbon dioxide during the diagenesis of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous marine sediments. Oxygen isotope analyses (SMOW) (using EA-IRMS) of both Oltu stone (δ18O = +37.2‰to +40.8‰) and the enclosing flysches (δ18O = +10.3‰ to +12.3‰) suggest that the nodules formed during diagenesis at a temperature of around 50 ℃. However, they are enclosed in flysches whose grains are derived from rocks that formed at significantly higher temperatures, perhaps above 100 ℃. The main industrial use of Oltu stone is as host material for diamond coating, as the sp3 bonds in the material can provide nucleation sites for diamond crystals and improve the nucleation rate at the early stage of diamond deposition on turbostratic carbon.

Keywords

• Oltu stone
• Turbostratic carbon
• Olur-Tortum geological zone
• Erzurum
• Turkey

Olur-Tortum Bölgesindeki Oltu Taşının (Turbostratik Karbon) Kökeni: Karbonlu Doğal Bir Kompozit Malzeme, Erzurum, Türkiye / The Origin of Oltu Stone (Turbostratic Carbon) from the Olur-Tortum Area: A Natural Composite Carbonaceous Material (Erzurum, Türkiye)

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin en önemli turbostratik karbonlu malzemesi olan Oltu-taşının jeolojik, mikroyapısal, oksijen izotopik ve termogravimetrik incelemelerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler, karbonlu Oltu taşı malzemesinin (özgül ağırlığı 1,317) karakehribar gibi fosilleşmiş ağaçtan türetilmiş organik bir malzeme olmadığını göstermektedir. Daha ziyade, Üst Jura-Alt Kretase denizel çökellerinin diyajenezi sırasında yukarı doğru sızan magmatik karbondioksitin indirgenmesi sonucu oluşan ve flişlerle arakatkılı olan amorf karbon ile kristalize grafit (turbostratik karbon olarak adlandırılır) arasında bir karbonlu fazdan oluşmaktadır. Hem Oltu taşının (δ18O = +37,2 ‰ ila +40,8 ‰) hem de onu çevreleyen flişlerin (δ18O = +10,3 ‰ ila +12,3 ‰) oksijen izotop analizleri (SMOW) (EA-IRMS kullanılarak), nodüllerin diyajenez sırasında yaklaşık 50 ℃ sıcaklıkta oluştuğunu, ancak taneleri önemli ölçüde daha yüksek bir sıcaklıkta, belki de 100 ℃'nin üzerinde oluşan kayalardan gelen flişlerle ile çevrelendiğini göstermektedir. Oltu-taşının başlıca endüstriyel kullanımı, elmas kaplamada kullanılan bir malzeme olmasıdır, çünkü malzemedeki sp3 bağları elmas kristalleri için çekirdeklenme alanları sağlayabilir ve turbostratik karbon üzerine elmas biriktirmenin erken aşamasında çekirdeklenme oranını artırabilir.

Keywords

• Oltu taşı
• Turbostratik karbon
• Olur-Tortum jeolojik bölgesi
• Erzurum
• Türkiye

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