Geology, Geochemistry, and Isotope Ratio (𝛿65Cu - 𝛿34S ‰) of Manto-Type Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Cu (±Ag) Mineralisation

Abstract

Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Cu (Ag) mineralisation is hosted by Eocene basalt and andesite and pyroclastics with volcanic-volcano-sedimentary rocks. Ore minerals are bornite, chalcopyrite, covellite, chalcocite, malachite, magnetite and hematite. Alteration in the host rocks includes sericitization, argillisation, carbonation, iddingsitization and epidotization. Gangue minerals are limited to quartz and calcite. According to the analysis results for the drill core samples, 2.97% Cu and 37 g/t Ag grade was determined at an average depth of 9.7 m from the surface. Sulphur isotope values (δ34S ‰) range from -20.0 to +2.8 in surface samples and from -6.3 to +0.6 in core samples. Copper isotope values (δ65Cu ‰) range from -0.86 to +1.38 in surface samples and -1.41 to +2.69 in core samples. For Gölcük Cu (Ag) mineralization, ore mineral paragenesis, alteration mineralogy, deposit type, and isotope geochemistry values suggest that it may be a Manto-type deposit.

Keywords

• Gölcük Cu (±Ag)
• Manto-type Mineralization
• S-Cu Isotopes

Project Number

CÜBAP M-529

Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Manto-Tipi Cu (±Ag) Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojisi, Jeokimyası ve İzotop (𝛿65Cu - 𝛿34S ‰) Oranları / Geology, Geochemistry, and Isotope Ratio (𝛿65Cu - 𝛿34S ‰) of Manto-Type Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Cu (±Ag) Mineralisation

Abstract

Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Cu (Ag) cevherleşmesi, Eosen yaşlı bazalt ve andezit ile bunların piroklastiklerini içeren volkanik-volkanosedimanter yan kayaçlıdır. Cevher mineralleri bornit, kalkopirit, kovellit, kalkosit, malakit, manyetit ve hematittir. Yan kayaçlarda alterasyonlar serizitleşme, killeşme, karbonatlaşma, iddingsitleşme ve epidotlaşmadır. Gang mineraller kuvars ve kalsit ile sınırlıdır. Sondaj karot örneklerinin analiz sonuçlarına göre, yüzeyden ortalama 9,7 m derinlikte %2,97 Cu ve 37 g/t Ag tenör olarak belirlenmiştir. Kükürt izotop değerleri (δ34S ‰) yüzey örneklerinde -20,0’dan +2,8’e, karot örneklerinde -6,3’den +0,6’ya değişim aralığındadır. Bakır izotop değerleri (δ65Cu ‰) yüzey örneklerinde -0,86’dan +1,38’e, karot örneklerinde -1,41’den +2,69’a değişim göstermektedir. Gölcük Cu (Ag) cevherleşmesi; cevher mineral parajenezi, alterasyon mineralojisi, yataklanma tipi ve izotop jeokimya değerlerine göre Manto-tipi olabileceği öngörülmektedir.

Keywords

• Gölcük Cu (±Ag)
• Manto-tipi Cevherleşme
• S-Cu İzotopu

Project Number

CÜBAP M-529

Thanks

Steve WILLIAMS (President, CEO), Clinton SMYTH (VP Exploration) Simon POULSON (UNR-NV-USA), Greg B. AREHART (UNR-NV-USA)

References

1. Abolipour, M., Rastad, E. & Rashidnejad Omran, N. (2015). Manto-type copper mineralization in pyrobitumen-bearing porphyritic andesite, Koshkoiye district of Rafsanjan, Dehaj-Sardoiye subzone. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 24 (95), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.42418
2. Adams, A. E., MacKenzie, S. & Guilford, C. (1984) Atlas Of Sedimentary Rocks Under The Microscope. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 104.
3. Atakay, E. (2009) Çorum güney batısındaki volkanik kayaçların jeolojik ve petrolojik özellikleri ve Alacahöyük kazısında arkeolojik çalışmalar, [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 194 s.
4. Augustithis, S. (1995). Atlas Of The Textural Patterns Of Ore Minerals and Metallogenic Processes. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 659.
5. Barker, A. J., (2014). A Key for Identification of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin-Section. CRC Press, Boca Baton, 70.
6. Benavides, J., Kyser, T. K., Clark, A. H., Oates, C., Zamora, R., Tarnovschi, R. & Castillo, B., (2007). The Mantoverde iron oxide-copper-gold district, III Región, Chile: The role of regionally-derived, non-magmatic fluid contributions to chalcopyrite mineralization. Economic Geology, 102, 415–440.
7. Boric, R., Holmgren, C., Wilson, N. S. F. & Zentilli, M. (2002) The geology of the El Soldado manto type Cu (Ag) deposit, central Chile. In Porter, T. M. (ed.) Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective (pp.: 1-22). Vol. 2. PGC Publications, Adelaide.
8. Boveiri, M., Rstad, E., Kojima, S. & Rashidnejad, N. (2013). Volcanic redbed-type copper mineralization in the Lower Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence of the Keshtmahaki deposit, southern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Abhandlungen, 190(2), 107 – 121. https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2013/0236

9. Boztuğ D. & Jonckheere, R. C. (2007). Apatite fission-track data from central-Anatolian granitoids (Turkey): constraints on Neo-Tethyan closure. Tectonics, 26, Article TC3011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC001988
10. Boztuğ, D. (2008). Petrogenesis of the Kösedağ Pluton, Suşehri-NE Sivas, East-Central Pontides, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 241-262.
11. Braxton, D. & Mathur R. (2014) Copper isotopic vectors to supergene enrichment: leaches cap iostopic footprint of the Quellaveco porphyry copper deposit, southern Peru. In SEG conference proceedings: SEG 2014: Building exploration capability for the 21st century.
12. Braxton, D. & Mathur, R. (2011) Exploration applications of copper isotopes in the supergene environment: a case study of the Bayugo Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Southern Philippines. Economic Geology, 106(8), 1447–1463. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.8.1447
13. Cabral, A. R. & Beaudoin, G. (2007) Volcanic red-bed copper mineralization related to submarine basalt alteration Mont Alexandre Quebec Appalachians Canada. Mineral Deposita, 42, 901–912.
14. Cai, Y. T., Ni, P., Wang, G. G., Pan, J. Y., Zhu, X. T., Chen, H. & Ding, J. Y. (2016), Fluid inclusion and H-O–S–Pb isotopic evidence for the Dongxiang Manto-type copper deposit, South China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 171, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.01.019
15. Camus, F., (1980). Posible modelo genético para los yacimientos de cobre del distrito minero punta del cobre. Revista Geológica de Chile, 11, 51-76.
16. Carrillo-Rosúa, F. J., Molares-Ruano, S., Morata, D., Boyce, A. J., Fallick, A. E., Belmar, M., Munizaga, F. & Fenoll Hach-Alí, P. (2006). Sulfur isotope studies in Chilean Manto-type Cu-(Ag) deposits in the coastal range of central Chile (´area de La Serena y Melipilla) v. 2. 199–202.
17. Carrillo-Rosúa, J., Boyce, A., Morales-Ruano, S., Morata, D., Roberts, S., Munizaga, F. & Moreno-Rodríguez, V. (2014). Extremely negative and inhomogeneous sulfur isotope signatures in Cretaceous Chilean manto-type Cu-(Ag) deposits, Coastal Range of central Chile. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.013
18. Carter, W. D. (1961). Yacimientos de Cobre Tipo Manto, su distribución en franjas mineralizadas. Provincia de Aconcagua. Boletín Nº 10, Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Chile, 30. Chem. Geol. 197, 161–176.
19. Craig, J. R. & Vaughan, D. J. (1994). Ore Microscopy & Ore Petrography. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Canada, 434.
20. Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. & Zussman, J. (1992). An Introduction to The Rock Forming Minerals 2nd Edition. Logman Scientific & Technical, 696.
21. Delvigne, J. E. (1998). Atlas of Micromorphology of Mineral Alteration and Weathering: The Canadian Mineralogist, SP# 3, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Canada, 495.
22. Erdoğan, B., Akay, E. & Uğur, M.S. (1996). Geology of the Yozgat Region and Evolution of the Collisional Çankırı Basin. International Geology Review, 38, 788-806.
23. Eyuboglu, Y., Santhos, M., Dudas, F. O., Akaryalı, E., Chung, S. L., Akdağ, K. & Bektaş, O. (2013). The nature of transition from adakitic ton on-adakitic magmatism in slab window setting: A synthesis from the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Geoscience Frontiers, 4(4), 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2012.10.001
24. Fontboté, L. (1990). Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes: A Review and a Classification According to their Geotectonic Setting. In Fonbote, L., Amstutz, G.C., Cardozo, M., Cedillo, E. & Frutos, J. (eds.), Stratabound ore deposits in the Andes, SP#8 Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, 79-110.
25. Geneli, F. (2011). Petrology of Eocene Volcanism in Central Anatolia: Implications for the Early Tertiary Evolution of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex [Ph.D. Dissertation]. METU Graduate School of Natural and Apllied Sciences, 252.
26. Giesemann, A., Jager, H. A., Norman, A. L., Jrouse, H. L. & Brand W. A. (1994). Online sulphur-isotope determination using an elemental analzer coupled to a mass spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry, 66(18), 2816-2819. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00090a005
27. Göncüoğlu, M. C. & Türeli, T. K. (1994). Alpine collisional-type granitoids from western Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. Journal of Kocaeli University, 1, 39-46.
28. Göncüoğlu, M. C., Dirik, K., Erler, A. & Yalınız, K. (1994). Orta Anadolu Masifinin Doğu Bölümünün Jeolojisi Bölüm IV, Orta Anadolu Masifinin Sivas Baseni ile İlişkisi (Proje Rapor no: 3535). TPAO, 135 s.
29. Göncüoğlu, M. C., Erler, A., Toprak, V., Olgun, E., Yalınız, K., Kuşcu, İ., Köksal, S. & Dirik, K., (1993). Orta Anadolu Masifinin Orta Bölümünün Jeolojisi, Bölüm III, Orta Kızılırmak Tersiyer Baseninin Jeolojik Evrimi (Proje Rapor No: 3313). TPAO, 104 s.
30. Hoefs, J. (2021). Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 9th Edition: Springer, 528 p.
31. Ixer, R. A. (1990). Atlas Of Opaque and Ore Minerals In Their Associations. Van Nostrand Reinhold., New York, 208.
32. Jambor, J. L. & Vaughan, D. J. (1990). Mineralogical Association of Canada: Advanced Microscopic Studies of Ore Minerals, Short Course Handbook, Ottowa, Vol.17, 426.
33. Kalkancı, Ş. (1974). Etude geologique et p.trochimique du sud de la region de Suşlehri: Geochronologie du massif syenitique de Kösedağ (NE de Sivas-Turquie) (These de doctorat de 3eme cycle). L’Universite de Grenoble, 84.
34. Kızılgöz, E. İ. (2019). Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Cu (Ag) Cevherleşmesinin Ana-Eser Element, Duraylı İzotop (S, Cu) Jeokimyasi ve Sıvı Kapanim İncelemeleri [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. S.C.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 73.
35. King, B. H. (2013). N143-101 Technical report on the Golcuk licence, Sivas province, Turkey. Pasinex Research Limited, Toronto, 101.
36. Kirkham, R. V. (1996). Volcanic redbed copper. In Eckstrand, O. R., Sinclair, W. D. & Thorpe, R. I. (eds.). Geology of Canadian mineral deposit types. Geol. Surv. Canada (Geology of Canada), 8, 241–252.
37. Klohn, E., Holmgren, C. & Ruge, H. (1990). El Soldado, a stratabound copper deposit associated with alkaline volcanism in the central Chilean coastal range. In Fontboté, L., Amstutz, G. C., Cardozo, M., Cedillo, E. & Frutos, J. (eds), Stratabound Ore Deposits in Andes._ Special Publication No. 8 of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, vol 8, (pp: 435-448.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88282-1_33
38. Kojima, S., Trista-Aguilera, D. & Hayashi, K.İ. (2009). Genetic Aspects of the Manto-type Copper Deposits Based on Geochemical Studies of North Chilean Deposit. Journal of Complilation, 59(1), 87-98.
39. Kuşçu, İ. & Erler, A. (1998). Mineralization events in a collision related setting: The Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey. International Geological Review, 40, 552–565.
40. Kuşçu, İ., Gençalioğlu-Kuşçu, G., Tosdal, R. M., Ullrich, T. & Friedman, R. (2010), Magmatism in the Southeastern Anatolian orogenic belt: Transition from arc to post-collisional setting in an evolving orogen. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 340, 437–460.
41. Lefebvre, C., Barnhoorn, A., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Kaymakci, N. & Vissers, R. L. M. (2011). Late Cretaceous extensional denudation along a marble detachment fault zone in the Kırşehir massif near Kaman, Central Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology, 33(8), 1220-1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.06.002
42. Lefebvre, C., Meijers, M. J. M., Kaymakci, N., Peynircioğlu, A., Langereis, C.G. & van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. (2013). Reconstructing the geometry of central Anatolia during the late Cretaceous: large-scale Cenozoic rotations and deformation between the Pontides and Taurides. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 366, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.003
43. Lufkin, J. L. (2012). Ore Mineralogy & Microscopy. Golden Publisher, CO, USA, 192.
44. MacKenzie, W. S., Donaldson, C. H. & Guilford, C. (1982). Atlas Of Igneous Rocks And Their Textures. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 148.
45. Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Moayyed, M., Movahednia, M. & Choulet, F. (2017). Geology, mineralization and sulfur isotopes geochemistry of the Mari Cu (Ag) Manto-type deposit, northern Zanjan, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 81, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.10.025
46. Maksaev, V. & Zentilli, M. (2002). Chiliean Strata-bound Cu (Ag) Deposits: An Overview: In Porter, T. M. (ed.), Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective, Vol. 2, (p: 185–205). PGC Publications, Adelaide.
47. Marshall, D., Anglin C.D (‘Lyn). & Mumin, H. (2004). Ore Mineral Atlas. GAC, Canada, 112.
48. Mathur R., Falck, H., Belogub E., Milton J., Wilson M., Rose A. & Powell, W. (2018). Origins of chalcocite defined by copper isotope values. Geofluids, Article 854829. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5854829
49. Mathur, R., Titley, S., Barra, F., Brantley, S., Wilson, M., Phillips, A., Munizaga, F., Maksaev, V., Vervoort, J. & Hart, G. (2009). Exploration Potential of Cu Isotope Fractionation in Porphyry Copper Deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 102(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.09.004
50. Mathur, R. & Zhao, Y. (2023). Copper Isotopes Used in Mineral Exploration. In D. Huston and J. Gutzmer (Eds.), Isotopes In Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration, Mineral Resource Reviews, 433-450.
51. Megaw, P. K. M., Ruiz, J. & Titley, S. R. (1988). High-temperature, carbonate-hosted Ag–Pb–Zn (Cu) deposits of northern Mexico. Economic Geology, 83(8), 1856–1885. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.8.1856
52. Melgarejo, J. C. & Martin, R. B. (2011). Atlas Of Non-Silicate Minerals In Thin Section. The Canadian Mineralogist SP 7, Canada, 522.
53. Moix, P., Beccaletto, L., Kozur, H. W., Hochard, C., Rosselet, F. & Stampfli, G. M. (2008). A new classification of the Turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region. Tectonophysics, 451, 7–39.
54. Movahednia, M., Maghfouri, S., Fazli, N., Rastad, E., & Ghaderi, M., (2022). Metallogeny of Manto-type stratabound Cu-(Ag) mineralization in Iran: Relationship with NeoTethyan evolution and implications for future exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 149, Article 105064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105064
55. Munizaga, F. & Zentilli, M. (1994) Sulphur isotope characterization of stratabound copper deposits in Chile Comucicaciones, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 45, 127–134.
56. Oliveros, V., Feraud, G., Aguirre, L., Ramirez, L., Fornary, M. & Palacios, C. (2008). Detailed 40Ar/39Ar dating of geologic events associated with the Mantos Blancos copper deposit, northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 43, 281–293.
57. Paar, W.H., de Brodtkorb, M. K., Putz, H.& Martin, R. F. (2016) Atlas Of Ore Minerals: Focus On Epithemal Deposits Of Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist, SP#11, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Canada, 402.
58. Palacios, C. (1986). Subvolcanic Copper deposits in the Coastal Range of Northern Chile. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I, 1985, H.9/10, Stuttgart, 1605-1615.
59. Picot, P. & Johan, Z. (1982). Atlas Of Ore Minerals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 458.
60. Pollard, P. J. (2006), An intrusion -related origin for Cu-Au mineralization in iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) provinces. Mineralium Deposita, 41, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0054-x
61. Pracejus, B. (2015). The Ore Minerals Under The Microscope An Optical Guide, 2ndEdition. Atlases In Geoscience 3, Elsevier, 1098.
62. Ramdohr, P. (1980). The Ore Minerals and Their Intergrowths, International Series of Monographs on Earth Sciences. V. 35: volume 1+2, Pergamon Press., Germany, 1207 pp.
63. Ruiz, C., Aguirre, L., Corvalan, J., Klohn, C., Klohn, E. & Levi, B. (1965). Geología y yacimientos metalíferos de Chile. Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas , Santiago , 305p.
64. Ruiz, C. & Peebles, F. (1988). Geología, distribución y génesis de los yacimientos metalíferos chilenos. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile, 305.
65. Salehi, L. & Rasa, I. (2016). Sulfur Isotopic Characteristics of the Chalcocite in Madan Bozorg Cu Deposits, Abbas Abad, NE Iran. 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress, Tehran, Iran.
66. Sato, T. (1984). Manto ype copper deposits in Chile: a review. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 35, 565-582.
67. Shen, P., Pan, H., Li, Z., Sun, J., Shen, Y., Li, C., Feng, H. & Cao, C, (2020). A Manto-type Cu deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: The Hongguleleng example (Xinjiang, China). Ore Geology Reviews, 124, Article 103656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103656
68. Sillitoe, R. H. (1992). Gold and copper Metallogeny of the central Andes: Past, present and future exploration objectives. Economic Geology, 87(8), 2205-2216.
69. Smyth, C. P. (2013). Golcuk Property Exploration Status Report as of 17 August, 2013. Pasinex Resources Limited, 41 s.
70. Smyth, C. P. (2014). Golcuk Property Exploration Status Report as of 31 December, 2013. Pasinex Resources Limited, 52 s.
71. Sun, J., Shen, P., Pan, H., Li, C., Ma, G. & Li, W. (2021), Geochemistry and genesis of the Hongguleleng Manto-type Cu deposit, West Junggar, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X, 5, Article 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2021.100057
72. Şengör, A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.
73. Taylor, R. (2009). Ore Textures: Recognition And Interpretation. Springer, Berlin, 288.
74. Terlemez, İ. ve Yılmaz, A. (1980). Ünye-Ordu-Reşadiye-Koyulhisar arasının stratigrafisi: Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 23(2), 179-191. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/eacf7a18a32812d_ek.pdf .
75. Thompson, A. J. B. & Thompson, J. F. H. (1996) Atlas of Alteration: A Field And Petrographic Guide To Hydrothermal Alteration Minerals. GAC, Canada, 119.
76. Trist´a-Aguilera, D., Barra, F., Ruiz, J., Morata, D., Talavera-Mendoza, O., Kojima, S., Ferraris, F. (2006). Re–Os isotope systematics for the Lince-Estefanía deposit: Constraints on the timing and source of copper mineralization in a stratabound copper deposit, Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 41, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0048-8
77. Ucurum, A., Şahin Demir C., Efe, A., Hofstra, A. H., Arehart, G. B., Pernicka, E., Molnar, F., Bakker, R. J. (2017). Sr, S, O, and H Isotopic Compositions of Celestine Deposits from the Tertiary Sivas Basin, Turkey. SEG-2017, September 17-20, 2017, Beijing, China, Abstract.
78. Uçurum, A. (2000). Listwaenites in Turkey: Perspectives on Formation and Precious Metal Concentration with Reference to Occurences in East-Central Anatolia. Ofioliti, 25(1), 15-29.
79. Uçurum, A. & Larson, L.T. (1999). Geology, Base-Precious Metal Concentration and Genesis of the Silica-Carbonate Alteration (Listwaenites) from Late Cretaceous Ophiolitic Melanges at Central East Turkey. Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry, 59, 77-104.
80. Uysal, Ş., Bedi, Y., Kurt, İ. ve Kılınç, F. (1995). Koyulhisar (Sivas) dolayının jeolojisi (Yayınlanmamış Rapor No: 9838). MTA, 120 s.
81. Vila T, Lindsay, N. & Zamora, R. (1996). Geology of the Manto Verde copper deposit, northern Chile: A specularite-rich hydrothermal tectonic breccia related to the Atacama Fault Zone. In Camus, F., Sillitoe, R. M. & Petersen, R. (Eds.), Andean copper Deposits: New Discoveries, Mineralization, Styles and Metallogeny. Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.05.11
82. Westra, G., (1988). La importancia del metamorfismo de carga en la formación de yacimientos de cobre de tipo manto: preprint, Keynote Address, V Cong. Geol. Chileno, Santiago, 18.
83. Wilson, N. S. F. & Zentilli, M. (1999). The role of organic matter in the genesis of the El Soldado volcanic-hosted manto-type Cu deposit, Chile. Economic Geology, 94(7), 1115–1136. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.7.1115
84. Wilson, N. S. F., Zentilli, M. & Spiro, B. (2003a). A sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope study of the volcanic-hosted El Soldado manto-type copper district, Chile: The essential role of bacteria and petroleum. Economic Geology, 98(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.163
85. Wilson, N. S. F., Zentilli, M., Reynolds, P. H. & Boric, R. (2003b). Age of mineralization by basinal fluids at the El Soldado manto-type Cu deposit, Chile: 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of K-feldspar. Chemical Geology, 197(1-4), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00350-9
86. Wilton, D. H. C. & Sinclair, A. J. (1988). Ore geology and genesis of a stratabound disseminated copper deposit at Sustut, British Columbia. Economic Geology, 83, 30–45. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.1.30
87. Yılmaz, A. (1985). Yukarı Kelkit Çayı ile Munzur Dağları arasının temel jeoloji özellikleri ve yapısal evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 28(2), 79-82. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/9490244a7cabc1f_ek.pdf
88. Yiğit, Ö. (2006). Gold in Turkey-a missing link in Tethyan metallogeny. Ore Geology Reviews, 28(2), 147–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.04.003
89. Yiğit, Ö. (2009). Mineral Deposits of Turkey in Relation to Tethyan Metallogeny: Implications for Future Mineral Exploration. Economic Geology, 104(1), 19–51. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.19
90. Zhao, L., Han, J., Lu, W., Liang, P. & Jourdan, F. (2020). The Middle Permian Hongshanliang Manto-type copper deposit in the East Tianshan: Constraints from geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions and H–O–S isotopes. Ore Geology Reviews, 124, Article 103601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103601