Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular

Akın Alak; Ökmen Sümer

doi:10.25288/tjb.300672

Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular

Abstract

Sanayileşme, fosil yakıtların kullanımı, kontrolsüz tarım ve buna benzer insan faaliyetleri her geçen gün artmakta, bu faaliyetler sonucunda doğada bir takım değişiklikler ve antropojenik kirlikler meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Marmara’da İzmit Körfezi (IZC-01), Karadeniz’de Sürmene (SC-01) ve Hopa (HC-01) kıyılarından alınan karot örnekleri, antropojenik kirliliğin varlığının araştırılması adına, litolojik, sedimantolojik, paleontolojik ve jeokimyasal açıdan incelenmiş, her bir karottan 15 numune olmak üzere toplamda 45 örneğin As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ti ve Zn gibi ağır metal konsantrasyonları değerlendirilmiştir. Karot örneklerindeki As, Ba, Pb, Cr, Ni, ve Zn elementlerinin analiz sonuçları kullanılarak hesaplanan PLI (Kirlilik Yükü İndeksi; Pollution Load Index) kirlilik değerleri, İzmit Körfezi için 3.255, Sürmene ve Hopa’da sırasıyla 2.195 ve 1.706 olarak ölçülmüştür. Hesaplanan PLI değerleri sonuçları, İzmit Körfezi’nin kabul edilir kirlilik seviyesinin üzerinde, Sürmene ve Hopa’nın ise kirli olmalarına rağmen nispeten daha az kirli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında EF (Zenginleşme Faktörü; Enrichment Factor) değerleri, İzmit Körfezi’nde As, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin belirgin bir zenginleşme, Pb ve Zn elementlerinin ise orta derecede zenginleştiğine işaret eder. Sürmene ve Hopa lokasyonlarında ise As, Ba ve Cr gibi elementler yetersiz zenginleşme gösterirken, Ni, Pb ve Zn elementlerde belirgin bir zenginleşme olduğu gözlenmiştir. Marmara karotu özelinde kirliğe bağlı gelişmiş jips kristalizasyonu da dikkat çekicidir. Karotlardaki paleontolojik bulguların bolluğu ve çeşitliliği de, kirlilik oranlarıyla uyumlu şekilde azalıp artar. Her 3 karotta da derine gidildikçe Pb, Zn, Cr ve As gibi elementlerin konsatrasyonlarında bir azalma olduğu görülmüş ve bu azalmaların anomali verdiği seviyelerden alınan kavkıların radyokarbon yaşları sırasıyla Sürmene’de 420±55 (GÖ), Hopa’da 500±50 (GÖ) olarak elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca bölgede yapılan diğer sedimantasyon hızına dayanan çalışmaların sonuçları ile bu yaşlar uyumluluk gösterir. Belirlenen bu yaş aralıkları Antroposen’in başlangıcı ile ilgili literatürdeki görüşler ile karşılaştırılmış ve değişimlerin bariz bir şekilde gözlendiği seviyeler, olası Antroposen sınırı olarak yorumlanmıştır

Keywords

Ağır metal analizi,Antropojenik kirlilik,Antroposen,Karadeniz,Marmara

References

Abrahim, G. M. S. ve Parker, R. J., 2008. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136, 227–238.
Adamo, P., Arienzo, M., Imperato, M., Naimo, D., Nardi, G., ve Stanzione, D., 2005. Distribution
Aksu, A. E., Hiscott, R. N., Kaminski, M. A., Mudie, P. J., Gillespie, H., Abrajano, T. ve Yaşar, D., 2002. Last glacial–Holocene paleoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: stable isotopic, foraminiferal and coccolith evidence. Marine Geology, 190(1), 119-149.
Aksu, A. E., Yaşar, D. ve Uslu, O., 1998. Assessment of marine pollution in Izmir Bay: Heavy metal and organic compound concentrations in surficial sediments. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 22(5), 387-416.
Andersson, A. J., Mackenzie, F. T. ve Lerman, A., 2005. Coastal ocean and carbonate systems in the high CO2 world of the Anthropocene. American Journal of Science, 305(9), 875-918.
Aslan-Yılmaz, A., Okuş, E. ve Övez, S., 2004. Bacteriological indicators of anthropogenic
Atalar, M., Kucuksezgin, F., Duman, M., ve Gonul, L. T., 2013. Heavy metal concentrations in surficial and core sediments from Izmir Bay: an assessment of contamination and comparison against sediment quality benchmarks. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 91(1), 69-75.
Balkıs, N., Aktan, Y. ve Balkıs, N., 2012. Toxic metal (Pb, Cd and Hg) levels in the nearshore surface sediments from the European and Anotolian Shores of Bosphorus, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64 (9), 1938-1939.

Bampton, M., 1999. Anthropogenic transformation. In Environmental Geology (pp. 22-27). Springer Netherlands.
Bermejo, J. S., Beltrán, R. ve Ariza, J. G., 2003. Spatial variations of heavy metals contamination in sediments from Odiel river (Southwest Spain). Environment International, 29 (1), 69-77.
Bhuiyan, M. A., Parvez, L., Islam, M. A., Dampare, S. B. ve Suzuki, S., 2010. Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1), 384-392.
Birch, G., Siaka, M. ve Owens, C., 2001. The source of anthropogenic heavy metals in fluvial sediments of a rural catchment: Coxs River, Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 126 (1-2), 13-35.
Buat-Menard, P. Ve Chesselet, R., 1979. Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 42 (3), 399-411.
Certini, G. ve Scalenghe, R., 2011. Anthropogenic soils are the golden spikes for the Anthropocene. The Holocene, 21, 1269-1274.
Charola, A. E., Pühringer, J. ve Steiger, M., 2007. Gypsum: a review of its role in the deterioration of building materials. Environmental Geology, 52(2), 339-352.
Crossland, C. J., Kremer, H. H., Lindeboom, H., Crossland, J. I. M. ve Le Tissier, M. D., 2005.
Coastal fluxes in the Anthropocene: the landocean interactions in the coastal zone project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, 232 s.
Crutzen P. J. ve Stoermer, E. F., 2000. The Anthropocene. Global Change Newsl. 41, 17-18.
Crutzen, P.J., 2002. Geology of mankind. Nature, 415, 23.
Crutzen, P.J., 2006. The “Anthropocene”. Ehlers E. ve Krafft T. (Eds.), Earth System Science in
Çağatay, M.N., Saltoğlu, T. ve Gedik, A., 1987. Karadeniz’in güncel çökellerinin jeokimyası.
Geological Engineering, 30-31, 47-64.
Davis, R.V., 2011. Inventing the present: historical roots of the Anthropocene. Earth Science History, 30, 63-84.
Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X. ve Celal, A.M.C., 2003. Investigation of the tectonics of the Main Marmara Fault by means of deep-towed seismic data. Tectonophysics, 361, 1-19.
Eichler, A., Tobler, L., Eyrikh, S., Malygina, N., Papina, T. ve Schwikowski, M., 2014. Ice-core based assessment of historical anthropogenic heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Sb, Zn) emissions in the Soviet Union. Environmental science ve technology, 48(5), 2635-2642.
Ellis, E. C. ve Ramankutty, N., 2008. Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6(8), 439-447.
Ellis, E. C., 2011. Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369 (1938), 1010-1035.
Ergin, M., Bodur, M. N., Yildız, M., Ediger, D., Edı̇ger, V., Yemenicioğlu, S. ve Yücesoy, F., 1994. Sedimentation rates in the sea of Marmara: a comparison of results based on organic carbonprimary productivity and 210 Pb dating. Continental Shelf Research, 14(12), 1371-1387.
Ergin, M., Saydam, C., Baştürk, Ö., Erdem, E. ve Yörük, R., 1991. Heavy metal concentrations
Evans, G., Erten, H., Alavi, S. N., Von Gunten, H. R. ve Ergin, M., 1989. Superficial deep-water sediments of the eastern Marmara basin. Geo-marine Letters, 9(1), 27-36.
Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F. ve Pallua, I., 2014. A sociometabolic reading of the Anthropocene: Modes of subsistence, population size and human impact on Earth. The Anthropocene Review, 1, 8-33.
Friedrich, W.L., Kromer, B., Friedrich, M., Heinemeier, J., Pfeiffer, T. ve Talamo, S., 2006. Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627–1600 B.C. Science, 312, 548.
Galuszka, A., Migaszewski, Z. M. ve Zalasiewicz, J., 2014. Assessing the Anthropocene with
Gomez-Heras, M., Smith, B. J. ve Viles, H. A., 2008. Laboratory modelling of gypsum crust growth on limestone related to soot pollution and gaseous sulphur: implications of ‘cleaner’environments for stone decay. In Lukaszewicz, J.W., Niemcewicz, P. (Editors), 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (2 volumes). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Universytetu Mikolaja Kopernika, Torun. pp. 105-112
Gökmen, A., Yıldız, M., Erten, H. N. ve Salihoǧlu, İ., 1996. Dating the Sea of Marmara sediments by a uniform mixing model. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 33(1), 91-104
Güler, C., Kurt, M. A., Alpaslan M. ve Akbulut, C., 2012. Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater hydrology and chemistry in Tarsus coastal plain (Mersin, SE Turkey) using fuzzy clustering, multivariate statistics and GIS techniques. Journal of Hydrology, 414, 435-451.
Gürbüz, A. ve Gürer, Ö.F., 2008. Anthropogenic affects on lake sedimentation process: a case study from Lake Sapanca, NW Turkey. Environmental Geology, 56(2), 299-307.
Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological
Hall, K.J., 2002. Bathymetric compilations of the seas around Israel I: the Caspian and Black seas. Geological Survey of Israel Current Research, 13, 105-108.
Halstead, M. J., Cunninghame, R. G. ve Hunter, K. A., 2000. Wet deposition of trace metals to a remote site in Fiordland, New Zealand. Atmospheric Environment, 34(4), 665-676.
Hammer, C.U., Clausen, H.B., Friedrich, W.L. ve Tauber, H., 1987. The Minoan eruption of
Santorini in Greece dated to 1864 BC? Nature, 328, 517-519.
García-Esquivel, Z., López-Zárate, H., Siqueiros Valencia. A. ve Galindo-Bect, S., 2008. Diagnosis of trace metal contamination in sediments: the example of Ensenada and El Sauzal, two harbors in Baja California, Mexico. Marine Environmental Research, 66(3), 345-358.
Kaska, Y., Başkale, E., Urhan, R., Katılmış, Y., Gidiş, M., Sarı, F., Sözbilen, D., Canbolat, A.F., Yılmaz, F., Barlas, M., Özdemir, N. ve Özkul, M., 2010. Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the nest-site selection of Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta caretta, on Dalaman-Sarıgerme beach in Southwest Turkey: (Reptilia: Cheloniidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 50(1), 47-58.
Koreneva, E.V., 1971. Spores and pollen in Mediterranean bottom sediments. In: Funnell, B.M., Riedel, W.R. (Eds.), The Micropaleontology of the Oceans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 828 s.
Kurt, H. ve Yücesoy, E., 2009. Submarine structures in the Gulf of İzmit, based on multichannel seismic reflection and multibeam bathymetry. Marine Geophysical Researches, 30(2), 73-84.
Kwiecien, O., Arz, H.W., Lamy, F., Wulf, S., Bahr, A., Röhl, U. ve Haug, G.H., 2008. Estımated reservoir ages of the Black Sea since the last glacial. Radiocarbon, 50, 99-118.
Lamy, F., Arz, H.W., Bond, G., Bahr, A. ve Pätzold, J., 2006. Multicentennial-scale hydrological
changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation. Paleoceanography, 21, PA1008.
Londeix, L., Herreyre, Y., Turon, J. L. ve Fletcher, W., 2009. Last Glacial to Holocene hydrology of the Marmara Sea inferred from a dinoflagellate cyst record. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 158(1), 52-71.
Marsh, G.P., 1865. Man and nature, physical geography as modified by human action. Charles Scribner, New York, 593 s.
Marszałek, M., Alexandrowicz, Z. ve Rzepa, G., 2014. Composition of weathering crusts on sandstones from natural outcrops and architectonic elements in an urban environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(24), 14023-14036.
McHugh, C. M., Gurung, D., Giosan, L., Ryan, W. B., Mart, Y., Sancar, U., Burckle, L. ve Cagatay, M. N., 2008. The last reconnection of the Marmara Sea (Turkey) to the World Ocean: a paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic perspective. Marine Geology, 255(1), 64-82.
MGDS (Marine Geocience Data System), 2016. http://www.marine-geo.org, 01 April 2016.
Mohiuddin, K. M., Zakir, H. M., Otomo, K., Sharmin, S. ve Shikazono, N., 2010. Geochemical distribution of trace metal pollutants in water and sediments of downstream of an urban river. International Journal of Environmental Science ve Technology, 7(1), 17-28.
Moore, F., Attar, A. ve Rastmanesh, F., 2011. Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in
Morillo, J., Usero, J., ve Gracia, I., 2002. Heavy metal fractionation in sediments from the Tinto River (Spain). International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry, 82(4), 245-257.
Mudie, P. J., Rochon, A. ve Aksu, A. E., 2002. Pollen stratigraphy of Late Quaternary cores
from Marmara Sea: land–sea correlation and paleoclimatic history. Marine Geology, 190(1),
Mudie, P. J., Rochon, A., ve Aksu, A. E., 2002. Pollen stratigraphy of Late Quaternary cores
Omgbu, J.A. ve Kokogbo, M.A., 1993. Determination of Zn, Pb, Cn and Hg in soils of Ekpan, Nigeria. Environ Int, 19, 611-612.
Owen, R. B. ve Sandhu, N., 2000. Heavy metal accumulation and anthropogenic impacts on Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(2), 174-180.
Palanques, A. ve Diaz, J. I., 1994. Anthropogenic heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the Barcelona continental shelf (Northwestern Mediterranean). Marine Environmental Research, 38(1), 17-31.
Ramsey, C. B., ve Lee, S., 2013. Recent and planned developments of the program OXCAL.
Radiocarbon, 55, 720–730.
Rashed, M.N., 2010. Monitoring of contaminated toxic and heavy metals, from mine tailings through age accumulation, in soil and some wild plants at Southeast Egypt. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178(1), 739-746.
Ray, A.K., Tripathy, S.C., Patra, S. ve Sarma, V.V., 2006. Assessment of Godavari estuarine
mangrove ecosystem through trace metal studies. Environment International, 32(2), 219-223.
Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatté C, Heaton TJ, Hoffmann DL, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Staff RA, Turney CSM, van der Plicht J. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–1887.
Riemann, L., Steward, G. F., ve Azam, F., 2000. Dynamics of bacterial community composition
and activity during a mesocosm diatom bloom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(2),
578-587.
Ross, D.A., 1970. Black Sea: Recent Sedimentary History. Science, 170 (3954), 163-165.
Ruddiman, W.F., 2003. The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change, 61(3), 261-293.
Sağlam, N. ve Cihangir, N., 1995. Ağır metallerin biyolojik süreçlerle biyosorbisyonu çalışmaları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(11).
Schiff, K. C. ve Weisberg, S. B., 1999. Iron as a reference element for determining trace metal
enrichment in southern California coastal shelf sediments. Marine Environmental Research,
Skripkin, V. V. ve Kovaliukh, N. N., 1998. Recent developments in the procedures used at the
SSCER laboratory for the routine preparation of lithium carbide. Radiocarbon, 40(1), 211-214.
Spencer, K. L., Cundy, A. B., ve Croudace, I. W., 2003. Heavy metal distribution and early-diagenesis in salt marsh sediments from the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 57, 43–54,
Stanley, D. J. ve Blanpied, C., 1980. Late Quaternary water exchange between the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Nature, 285, 537-541.
Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J. ve McNeill, J. R., 2007. The Anthropocene: are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(8), 614-621.
Sutherland, B. R., 2000. Internal wave reflection in uniform shear. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126(570), 3255-3286.
Szefer, P., Kusak, A., Szefer, K., Glasby, G. P., Jankowska, H., Wołowicz, M. ve Ali, A. A. 1998.
Evaluation of the anthropogenic influx of metallic pollutants into Puck Bay (southern Baltic).
Applied Goechemistry, 13, 293–304.
Şener, Ş., Davraz, A. ve Karagüzel, R., 2013. Evaluating the anthropogenic and geologic impacts on water quality of the Eğirdir Lake, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 70(6), 2527-2544.
Tomlinson, D. L., Wilson, J. G., Harris, C. R. ve Jeffrey, D. W., 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 33(1-4), 566-575.
Török, Á., Siegesmund, S., Müller, C., Hüpers, A., Hoppert, M. ve Weiss, T. 2007. Differences in texture, physical properties and microbiology of weathering crust and host rock: a case study
of the porous limestone of Budapest (Hungary). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 271(1), 261-276.
Turekian, K. K. ve Wedepohl, K. H., 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72(2), 175-192.
Valdés, J., Vargas, G., Sifeddine, A., Ortlieb, L., ve Guinez, M., 2005. Distribution and enrichment evaluation of heavy metals in Mejillones Bay (23S), Northern Chile: geochemical and statistical approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(12), 1558-1568.
Van Driessche, A. E. S., García-Ruíz, J. M., Tsukamoto, K., Patiño-Lopez, L. D. ve Satoh, H., 2011. Ultraslow growth rates of giant gypsum crystals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(38), 15721-15726.
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A. D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A.,
Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E.C., Ellis, M., Jeandel, C., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J.R., Richter, D.D., Steffen, W., Syvitski, J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Williams, M., Zhisheng, A., Grinevald, J., Odada, E., Oreskes, N. ve Wolfe, A.P.,2016. The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science, 351(6269).
Wilkinson, I. P., Poirier, C., Head, M. J., Sayer, C. D. ve Tibby, J., 2014. Microbiotic signatures of the Anthropocene in marginal marine and freshwater palaeoenvironments. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395(1), 185-219.
Wolfe, A. P., Hobbs, W. O., Birks, H. H., Briner, J. P., Holmgren, S. U., Ingólfsson, Ó., Kaushal.
S.S., Miller, G.H., Pagani, M., Saros, J.E. ve Vinebrooke, R. D., 2013. Stratigraphic expressions of the Holocene–Anthropocene transition revealed in sediments from remote lakes. Earth-Science Reviews, 116, 17-34.
Yang, K., Nam, T., Nam, K. ve Kim, Y. J., 2016. Characteristics of heavy metal contamination by
anthropogenic sources in artificial lakes of urban environment. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 20(1), 121-128.
Yaşar, D., Aksu, A. E. ve Uslu, O., 2001. Anthropogenic pollution in Izmit Bay: heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 25(4), 299-313.
Yatkin, S. ve Bayram, A., 2008. Determination of major natural and anthropogenic source profiles for particulate matter and trace elements in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere, 71(4), 685-696.
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Ellis, E., Ellis, A. M., Fairchild, J.I., Grinevald J., Haff, K.P., Hajdas. I., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J., Odada, E.O., Poirier, C.,Richter D., Steffen, W., Summerhayes, C., Syvitski, P.M.J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Wing, S.L., Wolfe, S.L.A., Zhisheng. A. ve Oreskes, N., 2015. When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International, 383, 196-203.
Zhang, C., Qiao, Q., Piper, J. D. ve Huang, B., 2011. Assessment of heavy metal pollution from
a Fe-smelting plant in urban river sediments using environmental magnetic and geochemical
methods. Environmental Pollution, 159(10), 3057-3070.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Akın Alak This is me

Ökmen Sümer

Publication Date

April 1, 2017

Submission Date

May 16, 2016

Acceptance Date

October 14, 2016

Published in Issue

Year 2017 Volume: 60 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.300672

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA99HR72KS

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Alak, A., & Sümer, Ö. (2017). Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 60(2), 145-168. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.300672

AMA

1.Alak A, Sümer Ö. Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2017;60(2):145-168. doi:10.25288/tjb.300672

Chicago

Alak, Akın, and Ökmen Sümer. 2017. “Marmara Ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 60 (2): 145-68. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.300672.

EndNote

Alak A, Sümer Ö (April 1, 2017) Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 60 2 145–168.

IEEE

[1]A. Alak and Ö. Sümer, “Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular”, Geol. Bull. Turkey, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 145–168, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.25288/tjb.300672.

ISNAD

Alak, Akın - Sümer, Ökmen. “Marmara Ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 60/2 (April 1, 2017): 145-168. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.300672.

JAMA

1.Alak A, Sümer Ö. Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2017;60:145–168.

MLA

Alak, Akın, and Ökmen Sümer. “Marmara Ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, vol. 60, no. 2, Apr. 2017, pp. 145-68, doi:10.25288/tjb.300672.

Vancouver

1.Akın Alak, Ökmen Sümer. Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2017 Apr. 1;60(2):145-68. doi:10.25288/tjb.300672

Cited By

Adana Şehir Merkezindeki Topraklarda Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Araştırılması

Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.509559

PALEOORTAM INTERPRETATION WITH THE HELP OF KULAKÇAYIRI LAKE (ISTANBUL) SEDIMAN RECORDS

Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences

https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.949849