Geç Kuvaterner Buzul Buzullararası Döngülerinin Anadolu’nun Biyolojik Çeşitliliği Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2017, , 507 - 528, 29.12.2017

Hakan Gür

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.363813

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Büyük
kıtasal buz tabakaları, Kuzey Yarımküre ’de Kuveterner boyunca birçok kez
ilerlemiş ve geri çekilmiştir. Büyük kıtasal buz tabakalarının olduğu dönemler
buzul dönemler, diğer dönemler ise buzullararası dönemler olarak bilinmektedir.
Buzul buzullararası döngülere eşlik eden iklim değişiklikleri, ya türlerin yer
değiştirmesine, değişen çevresel koşullara uyum sağlamasına ya da yok olmasına
neden olur. Coğrafi dağılım değişiklikleri, türlerin bu iklim değişikliklerine
verdiği en çarpıcı ve en iyi belgelenmiş cevaplardır. Türlerin Geç Kuvaterner
buzul buzullararası döngülerine eşlik eden küresel iklim değişikliklerine nasıl
cevap verdiğini anlamak için, ekolojik niş modellemesi, son zamanlarda
biyocoğrafi çalışmalarda moleküler filocoğrafya ile birlikte yaygın olarak
kullanılmaktadır. Ekolojik niş modellemesi, moleküler filocoğrafya ile birlikte,
Anadolu’da yaşayan türlerin Kuvaterner dinamiklerini/evrimsel tarihini ve
böylece Anadolu’nun biyocoğrafyasını anlamamıza katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu yazıda,
yukarıdaki içerik açısından kuş ve memeli türleri ile ilgili birkaç örnek
verilmiş ve gelecek perspektifleri tartışılmıştır. 

Keywords

Biyocoğrafya, coğrafi dağılım değişiklikleri, ekolojik niş modellemesi, iklim değişikliği, kuşlar, memeliler

The Effects of the Late Quaternary Glacial-Interglacial Cycles on the Biodiversity of Anatolia

Abstract

Large continental ice-sheets in the Northern Hemisphere have grown and retreated many times throughout the Quaternary. Times with and without large continental ice-sheets are known as glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. Strong climatic fluctuations accompanying glacial-interglacial cycles forced species to either move to locations that remain suitable, adapt to changing environmental conditions, or go extinct. Range shifts are the most conspicuous and best documented responses of species to these climatic fluctuations. To understand how species have responded to global climate changes through the Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles, ecological niche modelling, together with molecular phylogeography, has been widely used in recent biogeographic studies. Ecological niche modelling, together with molecular phylogeography, will extend the Quaternary dynamics and evolutionary history of species living in Anatolia and therefore the understanding of the biogeography of Anatolia. In this article, a few examples regarding bird and mammal species were given to illustrate the above-mentioned contents, and the future perspectives were discussed. 

Keywords

Biogeography, birds, climate change, ecological niche modelling, mammals, range shifts

References

• Akçar, N., Yavuz, V., Yeşilyurt, S., Ivy-Ochs, S., Reber, R., vd., 2015. A synchronous Last Glacial Maximum across the Anatolian peninsula. In: Quaternary Glaciation in the Mediterranean Region. Hughes, P.D. and Woodward, J.C. (eds.) Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 433, pp. 251-269.
• Albayrak, T., Gonzalez, J., Drovetski, S.V. and Wink, M., 2012. Phylogeography and population structure of Krüper’s Nuthatch Sitta krueperi from Turkey based on microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Ornithology, 153 (2) 405-411.
• Ansell, S.W., Stenøien, H.K., Grundmann, M., Russell, S.J., Koch, M.A., vd., 2011. The importance of Anatolian mountains as the cradle of global diversity in Arabis alpina, a key arctic-alpine species. Annals of Botany, 108 (2) 241-252.
• Ashcroft, M.B., 2010. Identifying refugia from climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 37 (8) 1407-1413.
• Atalay, İ., 1998. Paleoenvironmental conditions of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in Anatolia, Turkey. In: Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change. Alsharhan, A.S., Glennie, K.W., Whittle, G.L. and Kendall, C.G.St.C. (eds.) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 227-237.
• Avise, J.C., 2000. Phylogeography: the History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
• Avise, J.C., Arnold, J., Ball, R.M., Bermingham, E., Lamb, T., vd., 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18 (1) 489-522.
• Bennett, K.D. and Provan, J., 2008. What do we mean by ‘refugia’? Quaternary Science Reviews, 27 (27-28) 2449-2455.
• Bilgin, R., Gürün, K., Rebelo, H., Puechmaille, S.J., Maracı, Ö., vd., 2016. Circum-Mediterranean phylogeography of a bat coupled with past environmental niche modeling: a new paradigm for the recolonization of Europe? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 99 323-336.
• BirdLife International. 2016a. Picus viridis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22725022A87292744.
• BirdLife International. 2016b. Sitta krueperi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22711184A94282660.
• Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. and Fan, J.‐X., 2013. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes, 36 (3) 199‐204.
• Conservation International, 2017. Conservation International: Hotspots. http://www.conservation.org/how/pages/hotspots.aspx Erişim tarihi 10 Ekim 2017.
• Cowie, J., 2007. Climate Change: Biological and Human Aspects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Çiner, A., Sarıkaya, M.A. and Yıldırım, C., 2015. Late Pleistocene piedmont glaciations in the Eastern Mediterranean; insights from cosmogenic 36 Cl dating of hummocky moraines in southern Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 116 44-56.
• Darwin, C., 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, London. Çeviri: Kılıç, B., 2017. Türlerin Kökeni. Alfa Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
• Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. and Hughes, P.D., (eds.) 2011. Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Elith, J., Kearney, M. and Phillips, S., 2010. The art of modelling range‐shifting species. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1 (4) 330-342.
• Elith, J., Graham, C.H., Anderson, R.P., Dudík, M., Ferrier, S., vd., 2006. Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography, 29 (2) 129-151.
• Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudík, M., Chee, Y.E., vd., 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17 (1) 43-57.
• Forest Europe, 2011. State of Europe’s Forests 2011 – Status and Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe, jointly prepared by Forest Europe Liaison Unit Oslo, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
• Gómez, A. and Lunt, D.H., 2007. Refugia within refugia: patterns of phylogeographic concordance in the Iberian Peninsula. In: Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia. Weiss, S. and Ferrand, N. (eds.) Springer, Netherlands, pp. 155-188.
• Gribbin, J., 2002. Science: A History 1543–2001. Allen Lane. Çeviri: Gönülşen, B., 2014. Bilim Tarihi. Alfa Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
• Gribbin, J. and Gribbin, M., 2002. Ice Age: How a Change of Climate Made Us Human. Penguin Books Ltd, London.
• Gür, H., 2013. The effects of the late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles on Anatolian ground squirrels: range expansion during the glacial periods? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109 (1) 19-32.
• Gür, H., 2016a. Doğal seçilim yoluyla evrim, güncel bir örnek: alacabaykuş. Evrimin Işığında. Akış, I. ve Altınışık, N.E. (Editörler) Yazılama Yayınevi, İstanbul, s. 197-206.
• Gür, H., 2016b. The Anatolian diagonal revisited: testing the ecological basis of a biogeographic boundary. Zoology in the Middle East, 62 (3) 189-199.
• Gür, H., 2016c. İklim değişikliği ve bir step hayvanı olan Anadolu yer sincabı – 1: İklim değişikliği nedir, biyolojik sistemleri nasıl etkiler? Bilim ve Gelecek, 143 78-83.
• Gür, H., 2016d. İklim değişikliği ve bir step hayvanı olan Anadolu yer sincabı – 2: İklim değişikliği Anadolu yer sincabını nasıl etkiliyor? Bilim ve Gelecek, 144 76-81.
• Gür, H., 2017. Anadolu diyagonali: bir biyocoğrafi sınırın anatomisi. Kebikeç, İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43 177-187.
• Gür, H. and Kart Gür, M., 2005. Annual cycle of activity, reproduction, and body mass of Anatolian ground squirrels (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) in Turkey. Journal of Mammalogy, 86 (1) 7-14.
• Gür, H., Perktaş, U. and Kart Gür, M., unpublished. Do climate-driven altitudinal range shifts explain the intraspecific diversification of a narrow ranging montane mammal, Taurus ground squirrels?
• Hamann, A., Roberts, D., Barber, Q., Carroll, C. and Nielsen, S., 2015. Velocity of climate change algorithms for guiding conservation and management. Global Change Biology, 21 (2) 997-1004.
• Hewitt, G., 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature, 405 (6789) 907-913.
• Hewitt, G.M., 2004a. Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 359 (1442) 183-195.
• Hewitt, G.M., 2004b. The structure of biodiversity - insights from molecular phylogeography. Frontiers in Zoology, 1 (1) 4.
• Hughes, P.D. and Woodward, J.C., 2017. Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains: a new synthesis. In: Quaternary Glaciation in the Mediterranean Region. Hughes, P.D. and Woodward, J.C. (eds.) Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 433, pp. 1-23.
• Hutchinson, G.E., 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 22 415-427.
• Jansen, E., Overpeck, J., Briffa, K.R., Duplessy, J.-C., Joos, F., vd., 2007. Palaeoclimate. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., vd. (eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, pp. 433-497.
• Jansson, R. and Dynesius, M., 2002. The fate of clades in a world of recurrent climatic change: Milankovitch oscillations and evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33 741-777.
• Kart Gür, M. and Gür, H., 2010. Spermophilus xanthoprymnus. Mammalian Species, 42 (1) 183-194.
• Kart Gür, M. and Gür, H., 2015. Age and sex differences in hibernation patterns in free-living Anatolian ground squirrels. Mammalian Biology, 80 (4) 265-272.
• Kart Gür, M. and Gür, H., 2017. Küçük bir memeli türünün ekofizyolojisi ve evrimsel coğrafyası: Anadolu yer sincabı. Kebikeç, İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43 189-198.
• Koch, M.A., Kiefer, C., Ehrich, D., Vogel, J., Brochmann, C., vd., 2006. Three times out of Asia Minor: the phylogeography of Arabis alpina L.(Brassicaceae). Molecular Ecology, 15 (3) 825-839.
• Korkmaz, E.M., Lunt, D.H., Çıplak, B., Değerli, N. and Başıbüyük, H.H., 2014. The contribution of Anatolia to European phylogeography: the centre of origin of the meadow grasshopper, Chorthippus parallelus. Journal of Biogeography, 41 (9) 1793-1805.
• Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES, 2016. Interglacials of the last 800,000 years. Reviews of Geophysics, 54 162-219.
• Perktaş, U., 2017. Filocoğrafya: coğrafi varyasyon örüntüleriyle geçmişe bakmak. Kebikeç, İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43 143-156.
• Perktaş, U. and Gür, H., 2015. Guest editors’ introduction to the special issue: integrating phylogeography and ecological niche modelling. Folia Zoologica, 64 (3) 185-186.
• Perktaş, U., Barrowclough, G.F. and Groth, J.G., 2011. Phylogeography and species limits in the green woodpecker complex (Aves: Picidae): multiple Pleistocene refugia and range expansion across Europe and the Near East. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 104 (3) 710-723.
• Perktaş, U., Gür, H. and Ada, E., 2015a. Historical demography of the Eurasian green woodpecker: integrating phylogeography and ecological niche modelling to test glacial refugia hypothesis. Folia Zoologica, 64 (3) 284-295.
• Perktaş, U., Gür, H., Sağlam, İ.K. and Quintero, E., 2015b. Climate-driven range shifts and demographic events over the history of Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi. Bird Study, 62 (1) 14-28.
• Peterson, A.T., Soberón, J., Pearson, R.G., Anderson, R.P., Martinez-Meyer, E., vd., 2011. Ecological Niches and Geographical Distributions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
• Phillips, S.J., Anderson, R.P. and Schapire, R.E., 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190 (3) 231-259.
• Richards, C.L., Carstens, B.C. and Lacey Knowles, L., 2007. Distribution modelling and statistical phylogeography: an integrative framework for generating and testing alternative biogeographical hypotheses. Journal of Biogeography, 34 (11) 1833-1845.
• Rokas, A., Atkinson, R.J., Webster, L., Csóka, G. and Stone, G.N., 2003. Out of Anatolia: longitudinal gradients in genetic diversity support an eastern origin for a circum‐Mediterranean oak gallwasp Andricus quercustozae. Molecular Ecology, 12 (8) 2153-2174.
• Sandel, B., Arge, L., Dalsgaard, B., Davies, R.G., Gaston, K.J., vd., 2011. The influence of late quaternary climate-change velocity on species endemism. Science, 334 (6056) 660-664.
• Sarıkaya, M.A. and Çiner, A., 2015. Late Pleistocene glaciations and paleoclimate of Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151 107-127.
• Sarıkaya, M.A. and Çiner, A., 2017. Late Quaternary glaciations in the eastern Mediterranean. In: Quaternary Glaciation in the Mediterranean Region. Hughes, P.D. and Woodward, J.C. (eds.) Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 433, pp. 289-305.
• Sarıkaya, M.A., Çiner, A. and Zreda, M., 2011. Quaternary glaciations of Turkey. In: Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. and Hughes, P.D. (eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 393-403.
• Stewart, J.R., Lister, A.M., Barnes, I. and Dalén, L., 2010. Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and time. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277 (1682) 661-671.
• Şekercioğlu, Ç.H., Anderson, S., Akçay, E., Bilgin, R., Can, Ö.E., vd., 2011. Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biological Conservation, 144 (12) 2752-2769.
• Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey - a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75 (3-4) 181-241.
• Şenkul, Ç. and Doğan, U., 2013. Vegetation and climate of Anatolia and adjacent regions during the Last Glacial period. Quaternary international, 302 110-122.
• Tarkhnishvili, D., Gavashelishvili, A. and Mumladze, L., 2012. Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 105 (1) 231-248.
• Tavşanoğlu, Ç., 2016. Anadolu’nun yüksek biyoçeşitliliği: evrim bunun neresinde? Akış, I. ve Altınışık, N.E. (Editörler) Yazılama Yayınevi, İstanbul, s. 207-225.