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Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya

Year 2020, Volume: 63 Issue: 1, 21 - 42, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.590966

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Baltık Denizi’nin batısında 1800’lü yıllardan önce ve sonra artarak gelişen insan faaliyetlerinin (tarım, ziraat, kentleşme, yerleşim, savaşlar, sanayileşme gibi) ve soğuk iklimsel dönemlerin izlerini araştırmak amacı ile yapılmış olup, 1978 yılında Almanya’nın Eckernförder (EB) ve Geltinger (GB) körfezlerinden “SENCKENBERG” Araştırma Gemisi ile sediment örnekleri alınmıştır. Vibrasyon çekiçleme yöntemi ile alınan bozulmamış 2 kutu karotun sedimentleri üzerinde tane boyu, karbonat, organik karbon, element, Pb-210 tarihlendirme ve SEM-EDAX analizleri yapılmış ve sonuçlar istatiksel yöntemler ile de yorumlanıp tartışılmıştır.

Körfezlerin zaman zaman suboksik-anoksik koşullarında çökelen gri-siyahımsı balçık çamuru (“schlick”) çoğunlukla silikat-aluminyum silikat minerallerinden oluşmaktadır. Karbonat miktarları her iki karotda da düşük (çoğunlukla <%3) iken, EB sedimentleri GB sedimentlerine göre nisbeten daha ince tanelidir. Bölgesel özgün kaynak ve ortamsal koşullar her iki körfez sedimentlerinde de yüksek organik madde birikimine (%2-6) neden olmaktadır. Ana element miktarlarının çoğu (Si, Al, K, Mg, Fe, P) karotlar boyunca önemli değişimler göstermemekte ve litojenik-jeojenik kaynağa işaret etmektedir. Mn, Co ve kısmen P miktarlarının karot boyunca değişimi ise, sedimentde diyajenez ile izah edilmektedir. Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn,Cd ve Hg miktarları karotların üst seviyelerine doğru artış göstermektedir. Karotlarda üst seviye metal miktarlarının alt seviye değerlerine bölünmesi ile hesaplanan kirlilik faktörleri Hg için 18-76 (çok yüksek kirlilik); Cd için 3,5-4,7 (belirgin, yüksek kirlilik); Zn ve Pb için 2,1-2,9 (orta-az derecede kirlilik) ve Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe için 0,7-1,7 (çok az derecede kirlilik) arasında değişen değerlere işaret etmektedir. Özelliklede yüksek metal miktarları (CF>2) bölgede 1800’li yıllardan itibaren antropojenik etkilerin varlığını göstermektedir. Karotların üst 4-22 cm derinliklerinde tesbit edilen kömür, kül ve metalik cürufların varlığıda bu görüşü desteklemektedir.


Supporting Institution

“Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft”Frankfurt; “Institute für Begabtenförderung der Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung in Bonn” ve “Centrum für Internationale Migration und Entwicklung-CIM in Frankfurt”

Thanks

Kısmen doktora tezini oluşturan bu çalışma, Frankfurt/Almanya’daki “Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft” tarafından desteklenmiş olup, sediment karotlarının alımında desteklerini esirgemiyen ve bu kuruma bağlı “SENCKENBERG” araştırma gemisi ve personeline çok teşekkür ederim. Eski adı ile “Institute für Sedimentforschung der Universitaet Heidelberg” te gerçekleştirilen bu tez çalışmasında danışman Prof.Dr. German Müller ve eşdanışman Prof.Dr. Peter Stoffers tezin her aşamasında önemli katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. Karotların Pb-210 tarihlendirilmesi Dr. J. Dominik tarafından yapılmıştır. M. Gastner, U. Kaestner, J.Schoer ve F.Wolf laboratuvarlarda sedimentolojik, mineralojik ve kimyasal analizlerde yardımcı olmuşlardır. Eckernförde, Flensburg ve Kiel Müzelerinde çok sayıda kişilerin bölgesel yerleşim, sanayileşme ve savaşlar üzerine bilgileri önemli destek oluşturmuştur. Tez çalışmasına maddi destek “Institute für Begabtenförderung der Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung in Bonn” ve “Centrum für Internationale Migration und Entwicklung-CIM in Frankfurt” tarafından sağlanmıştır. Veri değerlendirilmesinde “ODTÜ-Erdemli Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü-İçel” imkanlarından faydalanılmıştır. Yazar, makalenin hakemliğini yapan ve ismini açıklamayan hakemlere değerli görüş ve önerilerinden dolayı teşekkürlerini sunar.

References

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Investigation of Anthropogenic Heavy Metal Pollution in Core Sediments from the Eckernförder and Geltinger Bays in the Western Baltic Sea, Germany

Year 2020, Volume: 63 Issue: 1, 21 - 42, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.590966

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing human activities (agriculture, urbanization, settlement, wars, industrialization) and cold climatic periods that occurred pre-and post-1800 in and around the western Baltic Sea. To investigate this, sediment box cores were collected onboard the R/V SENCKENBERG in 1978 from two bights of Eckernförder (EB) and Geltinger (GB). Vibration hammer technology was used to obtain undisturbed core sediments and grain size, carbonate, organic carbon, element, SEM-EDAX and Pb-210 dating analysis were carried out. The results were then interpreted using statistical methods.

The greyish to black colored mud (“schlick”) sediments deposited under suboxic to anoxic. conditions in the bights mainly consists of silicate-aluminosilicate minerals. Carbonate contents in both cores are low (generally <3%) but EB sediments are finer grained than the GB sediments. Regional characteristic source and depositional conditions caused the accumulation of high organic matter (2-6%) in core sediments from both bights. Major element concentrations (Si, Al, K, Mg, Fe, P) largely do not display any significant changes throughout the cores and indicate lithogenic-geogenic sources. The downcore changes in Mn, Co and in part, P, concentrations can be related to sediment diagenesis in the cores. Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Hg contents showed increases towards the upper core sections. The contamination factors obtained from division of metal concentrations in the upper sections to those from the lowest sections of the cores were 18-76 for Hg (very high contamination), 3.5-4.7 for Cd (considerable, high contamination), 2.1-2.9 for Zn and Pb (low to moderate pollution), and 0.7-1.7 for Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn and Fe (very low to no contamination). In particular, high contamination factors (CF>2) showed the effects of anthropogenic activities present in the region since the 1800s. The presence of coal, ash and metallic slag particles in the sandfractions of the upper 4-22 cm core sections also confirmed anthropogenic effects in the two bights.

References

  • Abu-Hilal, A.H., Badran, M.M., 1990. Effect of Pollution Sources on Metal Concentration in Sediment Cores from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21(4), 190-197.
  • Adamo, P., Arienzo, M., Imperato, M., Naimo, D., Nardi, G., Stanzione, D., 2005. Distribution and partition of heavy metals in surface and sub-surface sediments of Naples city port. Chemosphere, 61 (6), 800-809.
  • Alak, A., Sümer, Ö., 2017. Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen’in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 60, 145-168.
  • Aksu, A.E., Yaşar, D., Uslu, O., 1998. Assessment of marine pollution in İzmir Bay: Heavy metal and organic compound concentrations in surficial sediments. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Enviromental Sciences, 22(5), 387-416.
  • Algan, O., Balkıs, N., Çağatay, M.N., Sarı, E., 2004. The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 46, 932-950.
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  • Ergin, M., Bodur, M.N., Ediger, D., Ediger, V., Yılmaz, A., 1993. Organic carbon distribution in the surface sediments of the Sea of Marmara and its control by the inflows from adjacent water masses. Marine Chemistry, 41, 311-326.
  • Ergin, M., Kazan, B. ve Ediger, V., 1996. Source and depositional controls on heavy metal distribution in marine sediments of the Gulf of İskenderun, Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Geology, 133, 223-239.
  • Erlenkeuser, H., Suess, E. ve Willkomm, H., 1974. Industraliaztion affects heavy metal and carbon isotope concentrations in recent Baltic Sea sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 38 (6), 823-842.
  • Fagan, B., 2000. The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850. Basic Books, New York, 272 s.
  • Förstner, U., Wittmann, G.T.W., 1979. Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 486 s.
  • Garnaga, G., 2012. Integrated assessment of pollution in the Baltic Sea. Ekologija, 58(3), 331-355.
  • Güven, K.C., Öztürk, B., 2005. Deniz Kirliliği-Temel Kirleticiler ve Analiz Yöntemleri. Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (TÜDAV) Yayınları No.21, İstanbul, 512 s.
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  • Hakanson, L., 1980. Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975-1001.
  • Hartman, N., 1964. Zur Geochemie von Mangan und Eisen in der Ostsee. Meyniana, 14, 3-20.
  • HELCOM, 2007. Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004. HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 108, 33s. http:// www.google.com/maps/ 12 Haziran 2019. Image Landsat/Copernicus, 2009 GeoBasis-DE-BKG.
  • Kanellopoulos, T.D., Angelidis, M.O., Karageorgis, A.P., Kaberi, H., Kapsimalis, V. ve Anagnostou, C., 2006. Geochemical composition of the uppermost prodelta sediments of the Evros River, northeastern Aegean Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 63, 63-78.
  • Kaufhold, H., Burbaum, B., Grube, A., 2012. Geologische Übersichtskarte von Schleswig-Holstein 1:250.000. Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und laendliche Raüme Schleswig-Holstein. Geologischer Dienst.
  • Kemp, A.L.W., Thomas, R.L., Dell, C.I., Jacquet, J.M., 1976. Cultural impact on the geochemistry of sediments in Lake Erie. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33(3), 440-462.
  • Komatina, M.M., 2004. Tıbbi Jeoloji-Jeolojik Ortamların İnsan Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkileri. (Medical Geology Effects of Geological Environments on Human Health’ten Türkçeye çeviri: Örgün Y., Bayrak D. TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, Çeviri Serisi No.2). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 498 s.
  • Kucuksezgin, F., Kontas, A., Altay, O., Uluturhan, E., Darılmaz, E., 2006. Assessment of marine pollution in Izmir Bay: Nutrient, heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrations. Environment International, 32, 41-51.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler - Articles
Authors

Mustafa Ergin 0000-0002-2094-4936

Publication Date January 31, 2020
Submission Date July 11, 2019
Acceptance Date November 13, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 63 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ergin, M. (2020). Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 63(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.590966
AMA Ergin M. Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya. Geol. Bull. Turkey. January 2020;63(1):21-42. doi:10.25288/tjb.590966
Chicago Ergin, Mustafa. “Eckernförder Ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63, no. 1 (January 2020): 21-42. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.590966.
EndNote Ergin M (January 1, 2020) Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63 1 21–42.
IEEE M. Ergin, “Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya”, Geol. Bull. Turkey, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 21–42, 2020, doi: 10.25288/tjb.590966.
ISNAD Ergin, Mustafa. “Eckernförder Ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63/1 (January 2020), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.590966.
JAMA Ergin M. Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2020;63:21–42.
MLA Ergin, Mustafa. “Eckernförder Ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, vol. 63, no. 1, 2020, pp. 21-42, doi:10.25288/tjb.590966.
Vancouver Ergin M. Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2020;63(1):21-42.

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