The Alteration Mineralogy and Mass Change of the Zigana Gümüşhane Volcanics of NE Turkey

Year 2010, Volume: 53 Issue: 2-3, 97 - 128, 01.08.2010

Ferkan Sipahi M Burhan Sadıklar

Abstract

The Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks around Zigana Mountain Gümüşhane in the eastern Black Sea metallogenic province in NE Turkey show intensive hydrothermal alteration but less weathering alteration. The basement of the study area is formed by Late Cretaceous basalt, andesite and their pyroclastics. These rocks are overlain by dacitic rocks of the same age, namely Dacite-I and Dacite-II. These volcanic rocks are bimodal in character and have developed in a volcanic arc environment. The volcanic rocks in the study area have been altered to the sericite/illite–chlorite facieses, and contain sericite/illite, chlorite, quartz, carbonate minerals ankerite and calcite , iron-oxide, and rare kaolinite, smectite and epidote as the products of alteration. Sericitization/illitization is the most common type of hydrothermal alteration associated with these volcanics, and chloritization is the most common alteration type after illitization; pyritisation is seen in all volcanics, and is the most common in dacites. In some fields limonitisation is occasionally present. Epidotization is rare, and especially seen in basalt and andesite. Isocon analysis was undertaken to estimate the mass gains and losses of the Zigana Volcanics as a result of hydrothermal alteration. In general terms, the results shows that, basalt and andesite have 2-61% mass gain, Dacite-I 71% mass gain and 42 % mass loss, and Dacite-II 44% mass gain and 32% mass loss. Namely, both mass gain and mass loss occurred in the volcanics during the hydrothermal alteration of the parent materials. From less altered rock to highly altered rock there was an increase in illite-chlorite-kaolinite whereas there was a decrease in carbonate minerals. In the volcanics, fluids which cause sericitization and chloritization did not increase metals like Cu, Pb and Zn and, in fact, it can be said that these fluids are poor in point of these metals. This also shows that the metals developed under different hydrothermal conditions

Keywords

Hydrothermal alteration, mass change, volcanic rocks, Zigana, Turkey

Zigana Gümüşhane, KD-Türkiye Volkanitlerinin Alterasyon Mineralojisi ve Kütle Değişimi

Abstract

Doğu Karadeniz KD-Türkiye metalojenik provensi’nde bulunan Zigana Dağı Gümüşhane civarındaki Geç Kretase volkanik kayaçları yoğun hidrotermal alterasyona ve çok az yüzeysel ayrışmaya maruz kalmışlardır. Tabanda bulunan Geç Kretase bazalt, andezit ve bunların piroklastitleri yine aynı yaşlı Dasit-I ve Dasit-II olarak adlandırılan dasitik kayaçlar tarafından üstlenmektedir. Volkanik kayaçlar bimodal karakterde olup, volkanik yay ortamlarında gelişmişlerdir.

Volkanitler serizit/illit-klorit fasiyesinde bozunmuşlardır ve alterasyon ürünü olarak serizit/illit, klorit, kuvars, karbonat mineralleri ankerit ve kalsit , demir oksit ve nadiren kaolinit, simektit ve epidot içerirler. Serizitleşme/illitleşme volkanitlerinde görülen en yaygın hidrotermal alterasyon türüdür. İllitten sonra en yaygın görülen alterasyon türü klorittir. Piritleşme tüm volkanitlerde görülmekle birlikte en yaygın dasitlerde gözlenir. Bazı alanlarda, yer yer limonitleşme mevcuttur. Epidotlaşma ise nadirdir ve özellikle bazalt ve andezitlerde görülür. Hidrotermal alterasyonun bir sonucu olarak Zigana volkanitlerinde oluşan kütle kazanç ve kayıplarını hesaplamak için isocon analizi uygulanmış ve genel olarak bazalt ve andezitte %2-61 kütle kazancı, Dasit-I %71 kütle kazancı ve %42 kütle kaybı ve Dasit-II’de %44 kütle kazancı ve %32 kütle kaybı hesaplanmıştır. Dolayısıyla, ana kayacın hidrotermal alterasyonu esnasında volkanitlerde hem kütle kazancı hem de kütle kaybı meydana gelmiştir. Genellikle, az altere kayaçtan çok altere kayaca doğru illit-klorit-kaolinit artarken karbonat mineralleri azalır.

Volkanitlerde, serizitleşme/illitleşme, kloritleşme ve silisleşmeye sebep olan sıvıların Cu, Pb ve Zn gibi metalleri arttırmadığı, gerçekte bu sıvıların bu metallerce fakir olduğu söylenebilir. Bu aynı zamanda onların değişik hidrotermal şartlar altında geliştiğine işaret eder.

Keywords

Hidrotermal alterasyon, kütle değişimi, volkanik kayaçlar, Zigana, Türkiye

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