Alaşehir Grabenindeki Alaşehir Sıyrılma Fayının Yüksek Açılı Kökeni ve Miyosen Döneminde Tabaka-Paralel Kısalmaya İlişkin Kanıtlar, Batı Anadolu, Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 67 Issue: 1, 17 - 50, 30.01.2024

Fatih Şen , Serdal Karaağaç , Ümitcan Erbil

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1318465

Abstract

Batı Anadolu, dünyada iyi bilinen kıtasal gerilmeye sahip bir alanıdır. Bölgenin en belirgin yapısal elemanları D-B doğrultulu grabenlerdir. Alaşehir Grabeni, Menderes Masifi'nin kuzey ve orta kesimleri arasındaki sınırı oluşturur. Ahmetli'den Turgutlu'ya kadar D-B gidişli, Salihli'den Alaşehir'e kadar ise KB-GD gidişlidir. Bu makale, Salihli ve Alaşehir alanları arasındaki Alaşehir Grabeni'nin güney kenarı boyunca yapılan arazi çalışmasının sonuçlarını belgelemektedir.

Alaşehir Grabeni'nin güney kenarının tektonostratigrafisi Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının taban ve tavan bloğu olarak ikiye ayrılır. Taban bloğu Bayındır ve Bozdağ Naplarını ve Bayındır Napını kesen gerilme ile eşzamanlı Salihli granitoyidinden oluşur. Tavan bloğu Çine Napı ve Neojen-Kuvaterner tortul kayaçlardan oluşur ve Alaşehir bölgesinde Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı üzerinde yer alan Çine Napının üzerinde de Miyosen dolguları tektonik olarak yer almaktadır.

Yapısal veriler, (i) kataklastik kayalardan oluşan düşük-açılı Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı; (ii) kataklastik kayalardan yoksun olan düşük açılı normal faylar; ve (iii) bunları kesen Pliyo-Kuvaterner yüksek açılı normal faylar olmak üzere üç tip ana fay setini göstermektedir. Miyosen'de iki farklı düşük açılı normal fay eş zamanlı ve aktif olup, düşük açılı normal faylar ise Alaşehir ayrılma fayının sintetik ve antitetik faylarıdır. Başlangıç konumları yüksek açılı olup, Miyosen boyunca başlangıç konumlarının eğimleri 55°-75° arasındadır. Salihli ve Alaşehir segmentinde, Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının taban ve tavan bloğunda birçok önemli kıvrım geometrisi tanımlanmıştır. Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının Salihli segmentindeki taban bloğundaki kıvrım ekseni KD gidişlidir ve kuzeydoğuya doğru dalımlıdır. Diğer bir kıvrım ekseni ise Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının Alaşehir segmentinde taban ve tavan bloğunda ~D-B gidişlidir ve batıya doğru dalımlıdır. Bu kıvrımlar Miyosen'de tabaka-paralel kısalma ile oluşan genişlemeye bağlı yapılarla ilişkilidirler. Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı, Salihli ve Alaşehir segmentleri arasındaki kıvrım eksenleri farkından da anlaşılacağı üzere, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı yüksek-açılı normal faylar tarafından kesilerek geriye doğru döndürülmüş ve güneye doğru eğilmiştir.

Keywords

Alaşehir Grabeni, Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı, Batı Anadolu, Düşük- ve yüksek-açılı normal faylar, kıvrım ekseni, Fay çizik lineasyonu, Uzama lineasyonu

Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia

Abstract

Western Anatolia is a well-known continental extension province in the world. The most distinctive structural elements of the region are E-W trending grabens. The Alaşehir Graben forms the boundary between the northern and central parts of the Menderes Massif. It trends E-W from Ahmetli to Turgutlu and NW-SE from Salihli to Alaşehir. This paper documents the outcomes of fieldwork along the southern margin of the Alaşehir Graben between the Salihli and Alaşehir areas.

The tectonostratigraphy of the southern margin of the Alaşehir Graben is divided into the footwall and hanging wall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. The footwall comprises the Bayındır and Bozdağ Nappes and the syn-extensional Salihli granitoid intruding the Bayındır Nappe. The hanging wall consists of the Çine Nappe and Neogene-Quaternary sedimentary rocks, and Miocene fills tectonically overlying the Çine Nappe, which is above the Alaşehir detachment fault in the Alaşehir area.

Structural data show three types of master fault sets, including (i) the low-angle Alaşehir detachment fault, which is composed of cataclastic rocks; (ii) low-angle normal faults, which are devoid of any cataclastic rocks; and (iii) Plio-Quaternary high-angle normal faults cutting them. Two different low-angle normal faults were coeval and active during the Miocene, and low-angle normal faults were synthetic and antithetic faults of the Alaşehir detachment fault. Their initial position was high-angle and the original position had 55°-75° dip during the Miocene. In the Salihli and Alaşehir segments, several major fold geometries are defined in the footwall and hanging wall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. The fold axis is NE-trending and plunges mainly northeast in the Salihli segment in the footwall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. The other is ~ E–W-trending and plunges mainly west in the Alaşehir segment in the footwall and hanging wall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. They are associated with extensional structures formed by layer-parallel shortening during the Miocene. The Alaşehir detachment fault, as indicated by the difference in fold axes between the Salihli and Alaşehir segments, was cut and back-rotated by Plio-Quaternary high-angle normal faults and tilted to the south.

Keywords

Alaşehir detachment fault, Alaşehir Graben, Fold axis, Low- and high-angle normal faults, Slickenside, Stretching lineation, Western Anatolia

Thanks

This paper is part of two graduation theses lasting three months in the field in the summer term of 2003 (Şen, 2004; Ağırbaş, 2006). Permission was obtained from geologist Hakan Ağırbaş, who left the science of geology, for the publication of graduation theses in this study with other researchers. The corresponding author thanks Prof. Dr. Timur Ustaömer from İstanbul University for their thoughtful reviews and constructive comments during the preparation of their graduation theses and apologizes to him for not publishing this work at the time of graduation. Besides, he thanks people living in the Yenipazar and Alkan villages in Salihli and Alaşehir for their help during the fieldwork.

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