Building's Controlled Seismic Isolation by Using Upper Horizontal Dampers and Stiff Core

Abstract

The fundamental period of the seismically isolated buildings may be close to that of the long period pulses of near-filed earthquakes, leading to very large lateral displacements in isolators, which in turn can considerably reduce the stability of isolators, increase the chance of collision of the isolated buildings to adjacent buildings, or even result in overturning of the isolated buildings. Therefore, it is important to control these types of buildings and reduce the amount of lateral displacement in their isolating system. In this study, by conducting a series of time history analyses for a set of five multi-story steel buildings with various numbers of stories from 3 to 14, each having a very stiff core structure and a set of crosswise viscous dampers, connecting the building structure to the core structure at the lowest and the top floors, as well as the same structures without the core structure and dampers, the effect of stiff core and dampers in reducing the lateral displacement at isolators has been shown. Results indicate that by the proposed technique, the lateral displacement of the base isolation system is significantly decreased particularly for low-rise buildings.

Keywords

• Control of displacement
• base-isolated structures
• crosswise dissipators
• central rigid support

References

1. Erkus B, Johnson EA. Smart base‐isolated benchmark building part III: a sample controller for bilinear isolation. Structural Control and Health Monitoring: The Official Journal of the International Association for Structural Control and Monitoring and of the European Association for the Control of Structures. 2006 Mar; 13(2‐3):605-25; https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.101.
2. Nagarajaiah S, Narasimhan S. Smart base isolated benchmark building part II: sample controllers for linear and friction isolation. InProc. 16th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, July 2003 (pp. 16-18).
3. He WL, Agrawal AK. Applications of several semi-active control systems to the benchmark base-isolated building. InProceedings of the ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference 2004 Jun.
4. Huang, S., Huang, M., & Lyu, Y. (2021). Seismic performance analysis of a wind turbine with a monopile foundation affected by sea ice based on a simple numerical method. Engineering applications of computational fluid mechanics, 15(1), 1113-1133.
5. Feng, Y., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Niu, Z., Dai, B., Fan, Y.,... Chen, X. (2021). A 200-225-GHz Manifold-Coupled Multiplexer Utilizing Metal Wave guides. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1.
6. Kim SB, Spencer Jr BF, Yun CB. Sliding mode fuzzy control for smart base isolated building. In17th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference (EM2004), Newark, USA 2004 Jun 13.
7. Bai, Y., Nardi, D. C., Zhou, X., Picón, R. A., & Flórez-López, J. (2021). A new comprehensive model of damage for flexural subassemblies prone to fatigue. Computers & Structures, 256, 106639.
8. Reigles D, Symans MD. Application of supervisory fuzzy logic controller to the base-isolated benchmark structure. InProceedings of the ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference 2004 Jun.

9. Zhang, C., 2022. The active rotary inertia driver system for flutter vibration control of bridges and various promising applications. Science China Technological Sciences, pp.1-16.
10. Choi KM, Jung HJ, Lee IW. Fuzzy control strategy for seismic response reduction of smart base isolated benchmark building. In17th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference 2004.
11. Guo, Y., Yang, Y., Kong, Z., He, J., & Wu, H. (2022). Development of Similar Materials for Liquid-Solid Coupling and Its Application in Water Outburst and Mud Outburst Model Test of Deep Tunnel. Geofluids, 2022.
12. Jung HJ, Moon YJ, Jang JE, Spencer BF. Robust hybrid control systems for seismic protection of benchmark base isolated building. Proceedings of the ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, June 2004, Newark, DE, CD-ROM.
13. Huang, H., Li, M., Yuan, Y. and Bai, H., 2023. Experimental Research on the Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Frame with Replaceable Artificial Controllable Plastic Hinges. Journal of Structural Engineering, 149(1), p.04022222.
14. Skinner RI, McVerry GH, Robinson WH. An Introduction to Seismic Isolation. Wiley, 1993 (ISBN: 047193433).
15. Zhang, C. and Ali, A., 2021. The advancement of seismic isolation and energy dissipation mechanisms based on friction. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 146, p.106746.
16. Kakolvand, H., Ghazi, M., Mehrparvar, B. and Parvizi, S., 2022. Experimental and numerical study of a new proposed seismic isolator using steel rings (SISR). Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 26(8), pp.4000-4029.
17. Öncü-Davas, S. and Alhan, C., 2019. Reliability of semi-active seismic isolation under near-fault earthquakes. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 114, pp.146-164.
18. Jiang, L., Zhong, J. and Yuan, W., 2020, October. The pulse effect on the isolation device optimization of simply supported bridges in near-fault regions. In Structures (Vol. 27, pp. 853-867). Elsevier.
19. Wu, L.Y., Wang, Z., Ma, D., Zhang, J.W., Wu, G., Wen, S., Zha, M. and Wu, L., 2022. A continuous damage statistical constitutive model for sandstone and mudstone based on triaxial compression tests. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 55(8), pp.4963-4978.
20. Wu, L.Y., Ma, D., Wang, Z. and Zhang, J.W., 2022. Prediction and prevention of mining-induced water inrush from rock strata separation space by 3D similarity simulation testing: a case study of Yuan Zigou coal mine, China. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 8(6), p.202.
21. Kelly JM. Earthquake-Resistant Design with Rubber, 2nd edn. Springer: New York, 1997 (ISBN: 3540761314).
22. Huang, Y., Zhang, W. and Liu, X., 2022. Assessment of diagonal macrocrack-induced debonding mechanisms in FRP-strengthened RC beams. Journal of Composites for Construction, 26(5), p.04022056.
23. Heaton TH, Hall JF, Wald DJ, Halling MW. Response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hypothetical M w 7.0 blind thrust earthquake. Science. 1995 Jan 13; 267(5195):206-11; https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5195.206.
24. Chen, J., Tong, H., Yuan, J., Fang, Y. and Gu, R., 2022. Permeability prediction model modified on Kozeny-Carman for building foundation of clay soil. Buildings, 12(11), p.1798.
25. Nagarajaiah S, Ferrell K. Stability of elastomeric seismic isolation bearings. Journal of Structural Engineering. 1999 Sep; 125(9):946-54; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:9(946).
26. Gu, M., Cai, X., Fu, Q., Li, H., Wang, X. and Mao, B., 2022. Numerical analysis of passive piles under surcharge load in extensively deep soft soil. Buildings, 12(11), p.1988.
27. Soong TT. Active Structural Control: Theory and Practice. Wiley: New York, ISBN 0-470-21670-0, 1991.
28. Symans MD, Constantinou MC. Semi-active control systems for seismic protection of structures: a state-of-the-art review. Engineering structures. 1999 Jun 1; 21(6):469-87; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00225-3.
29. Housner G, Bergman LA, Caughey TK, Chassiakos AG, Claus RO, Masri SF, Skelton RE, Soong TT, Spencer BF, Yao JT. Structural control: past, present, and future. Journal of engineering mechanics. 1997 Sep; 123(9):897-971; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:9(897).
30. Deng, E.F., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C.X., Tang, Y., Wang, W., Du, Z.J. and Gao, J.P., 2023. Experimental study on flexural behavior of UHPC wet joint in prefabricated multi-girder bridge. Engineering Structures, 275, p.115314.
31. Soong TT, Spencer Jr BF. Supplemental energy dissipation: state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice. Engineering structures. 2002 Mar 1; 24(3):243-59; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00092-X.
32. Zhai, S.Y., Lyu, Y.F., Cao, K., Li, G.Q., Wang, W.Y. and Chen, C., 2023. Seismic behavior of an innovative bolted connection with dual-slot hole for modular steel buildings. Engineering Structures, 279, p.115619.
33. Spencer Jr BF, Nagarajaiah S. State of the art of structural control. Journal of structural engineering. 2003 Jul; 129(7):845-56; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:7(845).
34. Wu, L., Ma, D., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, B., Li, J., Liao, J. and Tong, J., 2023. An deep CNN-based constitutive model for describing of statics characteristics of rock materials. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, p.109054.
35. Yang JN, Wu JC, Agrawal AK. Sliding mode control for nonlinear and hysteretic structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 1995 Dec; 121(12):1330-9; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:12(1330).
36. Wang, G., Zhao, B., Wu, B., Wang, M., Liu, W., Zhou, H., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Han, Y. and Xu, X., 2022. Research on the macro-mesoscopic response mechanism of multisphere approximated heteromorphic tailing particles. Lithosphere, 2022(Special 10).
37. Yang JN, Wu JC, Reinhorn AM, Riley M. Control of sliding-isolated buildings using sliding-mode control. Journal of Structural Engineering. 1996 Feb; 122(2):179-86; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:2(179).
38. Nagarajaiah S. Fuzzy controller for structures with hybrid isolation system. InProc. First World Conf. Struct. Control, Los Angeles, CA 1994 (pp. 67-76).
39. Wang, G., Zhao, B., Wu, B., Zhang, C. and Liu, W., 2023. Intelligent prediction of slope stability based on visual exploratory data analysis of 77 in situ cases. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 33(1), pp.47-59.
40. Nagarajaiah S, Riley MA, Reinhorn A. Control of sliding-isolated bridge with absolute acceleration feedback. Journal of engineering Mechanics. 1993 Nov; 119(11):2317-32; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1993)119%3A11(2317).
41. Yang JN, Agrawal AK. Semi-active hybrid control systems for nonlinear buildings against near-field earthquakes. Engineering structures. 2002 Mar 1; 24(3):271-80; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00094-3.
42. Yang JN. Application of optimal control theory to civil engineering structures. Journal of the engineering Mechanics Division. 1975 Dec;101(6):819-38; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JMCEA3.0002075.
43. Li, J., Cheng, F., Lin, G. and Wu, C., 2022. Improved hybrid method for the generation of ground motions compatible with the multi-damping design spectra. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, pp.1-27.
44. Yang JN, Wu JC, Agrawal AK, Li Z. Sliding mode control for seismic-excited linear and nonlinear civil engineering structures. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report NCEER-94-0017. 1994 Jun 21; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9399%281995%29121%3A12%281386%29.
45. Huang, S., Lyu, Y., Sha, H., & Xiu, L. (2021). Seismic performance assessment of unsaturated soil slope in different groundwater levels. Landslides, 18(8), 2813-2833.
46. Panariello GF, Betti R, Longman RW. Optimal structural control via training on ensemble of earthquakes. Journal of engineering mechanics. 1997 Nov; 123(11):1170-9; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:11(1170).
47. Yoshioka H, Ramallo JC, Spencer Jr BF. "Smart" base isolation strategies employing magnetorheological dampers. Journal of engineering mechanics. 2002 May; 128(5):540-51; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:5(540).
48. Ramallo JC, Johnson EA, Spencer Jr BF. "Smart" base isolation systems. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 2002 Oct; 128(10):1088-99; https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:10(1088).
49. Alimoradi, H., Eskandari, E., Pourbagian, M. and Shams, M., 2022. A parametric study of subcooled flow boiling of Al2O3/water nanofluid using numerical simulation and artificial neural networks. Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 26(2-3), pp.129-159.
50. Soong TT, Grigoriu M. Random vibration of mechanical and structural systems. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report A. 1993; 93:14690; https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIA...9314690S/abstract.
51. He W. Smart energy dissipation systems for protection of civil infrastructures from near-field earthquakes. City University of New York; 2003; https://www.proquest.com/openview/0171ba4787fee2145cae0e21240e3fa2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
52. He WL, Agrawal AK. An analytical model for ground motion pulses during near-field earthquakes for the design of smart protective systems. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE). 2005.
53. Eskandari, E., Alimoradi, H., Pourbagian, M. and Shams, M., 2022. Numerical investigation and deep learning-based prediction of heat transfer characteristics and bubble dynamics of subcooled flow boiling in a vertical tube. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 39(12), pp.3227-3245.
54. He WL, Agrawal AK. Passive and hybrid control systems for seismic protection of a benchmark cable‐stayed bridge. Structural Control and Health Monitoring: The Official Journal of the International Association for Structural Control and Monitoring and of the European Association for the Control of Structures. 2007 Feb; 14(1):1-26; https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.81.
55. Xu Z. Design and assessment of seismic protective systems for near-field ground motions. City University of New York; 2007; https://www.proquest.com/openview/d72dee3441cd311cd30c019d1718430a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750.
56. Agrawal, A.K., Xu, Z. and He, W.L., 2006. Ground motion pulse‐based active control of a linear base‐isolated benchmark building. Structural Control and Health Monitoring: The Official Journal of the International Association for Structural Control and Monitoring and of the European Association for the Control of Structures, 13(2‐3), pp.792-808.
57. Xu, Z., Agrawal, A.K. and Yang, J.N., 2006. Semi‐active and passive control of the phase I linear base‐isolated benchmark building model. Structural Control and Health Monitoring: The Official Journal of the International Association for Structural Control and Monitoring and of the European Association for the Control of Structures, 13(2‐3), pp.626-648.
58. Özuygur, A.R. and Noroozinejad Farsangi, E., 2021. Influence of pulse-like near-fault ground motions on the base-isolated buildings with LRB devices. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 26(4), p.04021027.
59. AISC code, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-05), American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Chicago, IL., USA, 2005.
60. International Herald Tribune, UN Says Half the World's Population will Live in Urban Areas by End of 2008, Associated Press, New York, NY, USA, 2009.
61. Maffei J, Yuen N. Seismic performance and design requirements for high-rise buildings. Structural Magazine. 2007 Apr 28:28-32.
62. Mehmood T, Warnitchai P, Suwansaya P. Seismic evaluation of tall buildings using a simplified but accurate analysis procedure. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. 2018 Mar 16; 22(3):356-81; https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1224742.
63. Code, U.B. UBC-97 in Structural Engineering Design Provisions, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, USA, 1997.
64. Prestandard FE. commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings (FEMA356). Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2000;7(2).
65. Comartin CD. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings. Seismic Safety Commission, State of California; 1996.
66. Soleimani S, Aziminejad A, Moghadam AS. Approximate two-component incremental dynamic analysis using a bidirectional energy-based pushover procedure. Engineering Structures. 2018 Feb 15; 157:86-95; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.056.
67. Panyakapo P. Cyclic pushover analysis procedure to estimate seismic demands for buildings. Engineering Structures. 2014 May 1; 66:10-23; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.001.
68. Poursha M, Khoshnoudian F, Moghadam AS. The extended consecutive modal pushover procedure for estimating the seismic demands of two-way unsymmetric-plan tall buildings under influence of two horizontal components of ground motions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2014 Aug 1; 63:162-73; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.02.001.
69. Belejo A, Bento R. Improved modal pushover analysis in seismic assessment of asymmetric plan buildings under the influence of one and two horizontal components of ground motions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2016 Aug 1; 87:1-5; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.04.011.
70. Soleimani S, Aziminejad A, Moghadam AS. Extending the concept of energy-based pushover analysis to assess seismic demands of asymmetric-plan buildings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2017 Feb 1; 93:29-41; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.11.014.
71. Najam FA, Qureshi MI, Warnitchai P, Mehmood T. Prediction of nonlinear seismic demands of high‐rise rocking wall structures using a simplified modal pushover analysis procedure. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 2018 Oct 25; 27(15):e1506; https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1506.
72. Brozovič M, Dolšek M. Envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure for the approximate seismic response analysis of buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2014 Jan; 43(1):77-96; https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2333.
73. Sürmeli M, Yüksel E. An adaptive modal pushover analysis procedure (VMPA-A) for buildings subjected to bi-directional ground motions. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2018 Nov;16(11):5257-77; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0324-x.
74. Goel RK, Chopra AK. Role of higher-"mode" pushover analyses in seismic analysis of buildings. Earthquake Spectra. 2005 Nov; 21(4):1027-41; https://doi.org/10.1193%2F1.2085189.
75. Attard, T. and Dhiradhamvit, K., 2009. Application and design of lead-core base isolation for reducing structural demands in short stiff and tall steel buildings and highway bridges subjected to near-field ground motions. Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 4(5), pp.799-817.
76. Jangid, R.S. and Kelly, J.M., 2001. Base isolation for near‐fault motions. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 30(5), pp.691-707.
77. Jangid, R.S., 2007. Optimum lead–rubber isolation bearings for near-fault motions. Engineering structures, 29(10), pp.2503-2513.
78. Kelly JM. The role of damping in seismic isolation. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics. 1999 Jan; 28(1):3-20; https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199901)28:1%3C3::AID-EQE801%3E3.0.CO;2-D.
79. HITEC (Highway Innovation Technology Evaluation Center). Evaluation Findings for R.J. Watson Inc. Sliding Isolation Bearings. Reston (VA): Technical evaluation report, ASCE, 1998.
80. Uniform Building Code. International Conference of Building Officials. Whittier, CA. 1997.
81. Kelly JM. Earthquake-resistant design with rubber. 2nd ed. London: Springer-Verlag; 1997.
82. Lee, D. and Taylor, D.P., 2001. Viscous damper development and future trends. The structural design of tall buildings, 10(5), pp.311-320.
83. Makris, N., 1998. Viscous heating of fluid dampers. I: Small-amplitude motions. Journal of engineering mechanics, 124(11), pp.1210-1216.
84. Makris, N., Roussos, Y., Whittaker, A.S. and Kelly, J.M., 1998. Viscous heating of fluid dampers. II: Large-amplitude motions. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124(11), pp.1217-1223.
85. Soong, T.T. and Dargush, G.F., 1997. Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering Wiley. Chichester, UK.
86. Skinner RI, Robinson WH, McVerry GH. An introduction to seismic isolation. London: John Wiley and Sons; 1993.
87. Makris N. Rigidity–plasticity–viscosity: Can electrorheological dampers protect base‐isolated structures from near‐source ground motions?. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 1997 May; 26(5):571-91; https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199705)26:5%3C571::AID-EQE658%3E3.0.CO;2-6.
88. Jouneghani KT, Hosseini M, Rohanimanesh MS, Dehkordi MR. Evaluating main parameters effects of near-field earthquakes on the behavior of concrete structures with moment frame system. Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal. 2018; 12(3); http://dx.doi.org/10.12913/22998624/74135.
89. Jouneghani KT, Hosseini M, Rohanimanesh MS, Dehkordi MR. Dynamic behavior of steel frames with tuned mass dampers. Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal. 2017; 11(2); http://dx.doi.org/10.12913/22998624/70763.
90. Jouneghani KT, Rohanimanesh MS, Hosseini M, Raissi M. Reducing the lateral displacement of lead rubber bearing isolators under the near field earthquakes by crosswise dissipaters connected to rigid support structure: earthquake engineering. Stavební obzor-Civil Engineering Journal. 2021 Dec 31; 30(4); https://doi.org/10.14311/CEJ.2021.04.0066.
91. Rodolfo Saragoni, G. and Hart, G.C., 1973. Simulation of artificial earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2(3), pp.249-267.
92. Hayashi, K., Fujita, K., Tsuji, M. and Takewaki, I., 2018. A simple response evaluation method for base-isolation building-connection hybrid structural system under long-period and long-duration ground motion. Frontiers in Built Environment, 4, p.2.