Protection of Reinforced Concrete Columns from Pounding-Induced Effects in Adjacent Buildings

Abstract

The pounding damage is one of the most common seismic damages observed after past earthquakes in adjacent reinforced concrete (RC) buildings having insufficient gap in-between. Particularly in highly populated regions, there are numerous adjacent RC buildings, in which pounding can cause severe damage or total collapse. Many previous reconnaissance reports following earthquakes have emphasized severe column damage due to pounding with the slab of adjacent building. In this paper, a retrofitting method is presented to reduce the seismic damage caused by pounding on existing RC structural elements in cases where collision is unavoidable. Pounding effects are investigated by using 4- and 7-story RC buildings with unequal floor elevations. As a retrofitting solution for pounding, steel columns and neoprene rubber pads are placed at the mid-height of the story so that the pounding takes place between the neighboring slab and added steel columns instead of existing RC columns. The mid-column pounding of existing RC buildings with and without retrofitting are numerically investigated. In the numerical model, buildings are connected by link elements to reproduce the pounding in-between. Nonlinear response history analyses are performed using 11 different real ground-motion records. Pounding forces, peak floor accelerations, inter-story drift ratios, story shear force distributions, and plastic hinge distributions are obtained and compared for each of the pounding conditions. The analysis results revealed that the proposed retrofitting method protects the existing RC columns from brittle type of shear failure and reduces the destructive effects of pounding.

Keywords

• Pounding
• Seismic damage
• Retrofitting
• Adjacent buildings
• Reinforced concrete
• Link element

Supporting Institution

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

120M877

Thanks

This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [grant number 120M877]

References

1. Maison BF, Kasai K. Analysis for a Type of Structural Pounding. J Struct Eng 1990; 116(4):957–77.
2. Anagnostopoulos SA, Spiliopoulos KV. An investigation of earthquake induced pounding between adjacent buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 1992;21:289–302.
3. TBEC-2018. Turkish Building Earthquake Code. Ankara, Turkey: 2018.
4. Jeng V, Kasai K, Maison BF. A Spectral Difference Method to Estimate Building Separations to Avoid Pounding. Earthq Spectra 1992;8:201–23. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585679.
5. Kamal M, Inel M. Simplified approaches for estimation of required seismic separation distance between adjacent reinforced concrete buildings. Eng Struct 2021:113610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113610.
6. Favvata MJ. Minimum required separation gap for adjacent RC frames with potential inter-story seismic pounding. Eng Struct 2017;152:643–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.09.025.
7. Kamal M, Code-based new approaches for determining the minimum required separation gap. Structures 2022;46:750-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.10.075.
8. Khatami SM, Naderpour H, Razavi SMN, Barros RC, Sołtysik B, Jankowski R. An ANN-Based Approach for Prediction of Sufficient Seismic Gap between Adjacent Buildings Prone to Earthquake-Induced Pounding. Applied Sciences 2020;10:3591. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103591.

9. Khatami SM, Naderpour H, Barros RC, Jankowski R. Verification of Formulas for Periods of Adjacent Buildings Used to Assess Minimum Separation Gap Preventing Structural Pounding during Earthquakes. Advances in Civil Engineering 2019:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9714939.
10. Anagnostopoulos S. Building pounding Re-examined: How Serious a Problem Is It? Elev World Conf Earthq Eng Acapulco, Mex June 23-28, 1996 1996:Paper 2108.
11. Karayannis CG, Favvata MJ. Earthquake-induced interaction between adjacent reinforced concrete structures with non-equal heights. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2005;34:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.398.
12. Karayannis CG, Naoum MC. Torsional behavior of multistory RC frame structures due to asymmetric seismic interaction. Eng Struct 2018;163:93–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.038.
13. Korkmaz SZ. Observations on the Van Earthquake and Structural Failures. J Perform Constr Facil 2015;29:04014033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000456.
14. Rosenblueth E, Meli R. The 1985 Earthquake: Causes and Effects in Mexico City. Concr Int 1986;8(5):23–34.
15. Kasai K, Maison BF. Building pounding damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Eng Struct 1997;19:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00082-X.
16. Youd TL, Bardet JP, Bray JD. Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake of August 17, 1999. Oakland, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute; 2000.
17. Yurdakul Ö, Duran B, Tunaboyu O, Avşar Ö. Field reconnaissance on seismic performance of RC buildings after the January 24, 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake. Nat Hazards 2021;105:859–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04340-x.
18. Inel M, Ozmen HB, Akyol E. Observations on the building damages after 19 May 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 2013;11:255–83.
19. Sharma K, Deng L, Noguez CC. Field investigation on the performance of building structures during the April 25, 2015, Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. Eng Struct 2016;121:61–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.043.
20. Cole GL, Dhakal RP, Turner FM. Building pounding damage observed in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2012;41:893–913. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1164.
21. Romão X, Costa AA,a , Paupério E, Rodrigues H, Vicente R, Varum H, Costa A. Field observations and interpretation of the structural performance of constructions after the 11 May 2011 Lorca earthquake. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2013;34:670-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.01.040.
22. Papadrakakis M, Mouzakis HP. Earthquake simulator testing of pounding between adjacent buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 1995;24:811–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290240604.
23. Chau KT, Wei XX, Guo X, Shen CY. Experimental and theoretical simulations of seismic poundings between two adjacent structures. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2003;32:537–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.231.
24. Doğan M, Günaydın A. Pounding of Adjacent RC Buildings During Seismic Loads. J Eng Archit Fac Eskişehir Osmangazi Univ 2009;22:129–45.
25. Jankowski R. Earthquake-induced pounding between equal height buildings with substantially different dynamic properties. Eng Struct 2008;30:2818–29.
26. Inel M, Cayci T, Kamal M, Altınel O. Structural Pounding of Mid-Rise RC Buildings During Earthquakes, Proceedings of the second European conference on earthquake engineering and semiology; 2014.
27. Raheem SA, Fooly MY, Shafy AA, Abbas YA, Omar M, Latif MMSA, Mahmoud S. Seismic pounding effects on adjacent buildings in series with different alignment configurations. Steel and Composite Structures 2018;28(3):289-308.
28. Raheem SEA, Fooly MY, Omar M, Zaher AKA. Seismic pounding effects on the adjacent symmetric buildings with eccentric alignment. Earthq Struct 2019;16(6):715-726.
29. Raheem SEA, Alazrak T, AbdelShafy AG, Ahmed MM, Gamal YA. Seismic pounding between adjacent buildings considering soil-structure interaction. Earthquakes and Structures 2021;20(1): 55-70.
30. Anagnostopoulos SA. Pounding of buildings in series during earthquakes. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 1988;16:443–56.
31. Rezavandi A, Moghadam AS. Experimental and Numerical Study on Pounding Effects and Mitigation Techniques for Adjacent Structures. Adv Struct Eng 2007;10:121–34. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943307780429752.
32. Polycarpou PC, Komodromos P, Polycarpou AC. A nonlinear impact model for simulating the use of rubber shock absorbers for mitigation the effect of structural pounding during earthquakes. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2013;42:81–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.
33. Sołtysik B, Falborski T, Jankowski R. Preventing of earthquake-induced pounding between steel structures by using polymer elements-experimental study. Procedia Eng 2017;199:278–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.029.
34. He J, Jiang Y, Xue Q, Zhang C, Zhang J. Effectiveness of Using Polymer Bumpers to Mitigate Earthquake-Induced Pounding between Buildings of Unequal Heights. Adv Civ Eng 2018;2018:1–14.
35. Raheem SEA. Mitigation measures for earthquake induced pounding effects on seismic performance of adjacent buildings. Bull Earthquake Eng 2014;12:1705–1724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9592-2.
36. Anagnostopoulos SA, Karamaneas CE. Use of collision shear walls to minimize seismic separation and to protect adjacent buildings from collapse due to earthquake-induced pounding. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2008;37:1371–88.
37. N.K. A, Neeraja N. Evaluation of Seismic Pounding between Adjacent Buildings. Int J Innov Res Sci Technol IJIRST 2016;3:138–47. https://doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-105-4-24.
38. Noman M, Alam B, Fahad M, Shahzada K, Kamal M. Effects of pounding on adjacent buildings of varying heights during earthquake in Pakistan. Cogent Eng 2016;3:1225878. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1225878.
39. Jankowski R, Mahmoud S. Linking of adjacent three-storey buildings for mitigation of structural pounding during earthquakes. Bull Earthq Eng 2016;14:3075–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9946-z.
40. Abdel-Mooty MAN, Ahmed NZ. Pounding Mitigation in Buildings using Localized Interconnections. Adv Struct Eng Mech (ASEM17), 28 August-1 Seprember, 2017, Ilsan (Seoul), Korea 2017.
41. Nishath PV, Abhilash PP. Mid-Column Pounding Effects On Adjacent Tall Buildings and Its Mitigation Using Viscous Dampers and Friction Dampers. Int J Sci Eng Res 2017;8:168–73.
42. Pargoo NS, Hejazi F, Jabbar S. Preventing Seismic Pounding of Adjacent Structures Using Viscous Wall Damper Device. GCEC 2017 Proc. 1st Glob. Civ. Eng. Conf., 2019, p. 561–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_44.
43. Inel M, Ozmen HB, Şenel ŞM, Kayhan AH. Mevcut Betonarme Binaların Yapısal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. International Earthquake Symposium of Sakarya, Turkey 2009 [in Turkish].
44. SAP2000. Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures. Bekeley (CA, USA): Computer and Structures Ins.
45. Mander JB, Priestley MJN, Park R. Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete. J Struct Eng 1988;114:1804–25.
46. XTRACT. Cross Sectional Analysis of Components, Imbsen Software System. Sacramento.
47. Çelik Yapıların Tasarım, Hesap ve Yapım Esaslarına Dair Yönetmelik. Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, Ankara, Turkey 2018.
48. Anagnostopoulos SA. Equivalent viscous damping for modeling inelastic impacts in earthquake pounding problems. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2004;33:897–902. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.377.
49. Jankowski R. Non-linear viscoelastic modelling of earthquake-induced structural pounding. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2005;34:595–611. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.434.
50. Muthukumar S, DesRoches R. A Hertz contact model with non-linear damping for pounding simulation. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2006;35:811–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.557.
51. Naserkhaki S, Abdul Aziz FNA, Pourmohammad H. Parametric study on earthquake induced pounding between adjacent buildings. Struct Eng Mech 2012;43:503–26. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.43.4.503503.
52. Jameel M, Saiful Islam ABM, Hussain RR, Hasan SD, Khaleel M. Non-linear FEM analysis of seismic induced pounding between neighbouring Multi-storey Structures. Lat Am J Solids Struct 2013;10:921–39.
53. Altınel O. Investigation of Pounding Effects on Seismic Performance of Existing Sequential Buildings. MSc Thesis. Pamukkale University. Denizli, Turkey 2015 [in Turkish]
54. Naeim F, Kelly JM. Design of seismic isolated structures: from theory to practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1999.
55. Çerçevik AE, Avşar Ö, Dilsiz A. Optimal Placement of Viscous Wall Dampers in RC Moment Resisting Frames Using Metaheuristic Search Methods. Engineering Structures 2021;249:113108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113108.
56. Naserkhaki S, El-Rich M, Abdul Aziz FNA, Pourmohammad H. Pounding between adjacent buildings of varying height coupled through soil. Struct Eng Mech 2014;52:573–93. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.52.3.573.