Hımış Yapıların Deprem Performansının Bütüncül Analizi: 2023 Türkiye Deprem Sekansından Saha Bulguları

Abstract

Şubat 2023 Türkiye deprem sekansı, ülkenin güneyindeki 11 ilde nüfus ve yapılı çevre üzerinde ağır etkiler yaratmıştır. Depremin bu yıkıcı sonuçlarının belgelenmesi amacıyla, Birleşik Krallık’ın Deprem Mühendisliği Saha Çalışmaları Ekibi (EEFIT), farklı dönemlerde deprem bölgesinde kapsamlı bir araştırma başlatmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamda, bölgenin geleneksel konut mirasının karakteristik örnekleri arasında yer alan hımış yapılar, araştırma konusu olarak seçilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında bu yapıların yapısal özellikleri ve deprem sonrası oluşan hasarları Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden (CBS) faydalanılarak belgelenmiştir. Bu makale, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, Hatay ve Osmaniye'de yer alan toplam 189 hımış yapının deprem performanslarına ilişkin ön bulguları sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, bu yapıların maruz kaldığı üç önemli depreme (6 Şubat Mw 7.8 Pazarcık ve Mw 7.5 Elbistan depremleri; 20 Şubat Mw 6.3 Samandağ depremi) ait yer hareketi kayıtları ve ilgili mühendislik parametreleri kullanılarak gözlenen hasar durumları değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca, saha çalışmasında benimsenen CBS tabanlı yaklaşımın Türkiye bağlamındaki uygulanabilirliği ortaya konmakta ve benzer çalışmalara ışık tutması amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

• Geleneksel Mimari
• Hımış
• deprem mühendisliği
• deprem keşfi
• coğrafi bilgi sistemleri
• ahşap çerçeveli yapılar
• kagir

A Holistic Analysis Of The Seismic Performance Himiş Buildings: Field Evidence From The 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Sequence

Abstract

The February 2023 Türkiye earthquake sequence, which struck 11 provinces spread across the southern part of the country, devastated the region’s built environment with lasting social impacts. In the aftermath of the events, the United Kingdom’s Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) launched a comprehensive and longitudinal study within the earthquake-affected area. As part of this study, a two-phase post-disaster reconnaissance survey on the region’s traditional building stock, with specific emphasis on hımış typologies (hybrid structures with a masonry ground floor and timber-framed upper floors with infill or cladding), was conducted on a total of 189 hımış buildings in Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, Hatay and Osmaniye. The survey aimed to document the structural characteristics and conditions of hımış structures, and the extent and mechanisms of damage due to earthquakes, using a rapid and user-friendly protocol incorporating Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This article presents preliminary findings on the seismic performance of hımış structures in the region, and discusses these findings based on ground motion records and engineering parameters associated with three earthquakes (6 February Mw 7.8 Pazarcık and Mw 7.5 Elbistan earthquakes; 20 February Mw 6.3 Samandağ earthquake). In addition, it evaluates the applicability of the adopted GIS-based approach within the context of Türkiye, aiming to inform and guide similar future endeavours.

Keywords

• Hımış
• earthquake engineering
• geographic ınformation systems
• timber-framed structures
• masonry
• traditional architecture

References

1. USGS, United States Geological Survey, M 7.8 - Pazarcik earthquake, Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence”, son erişim: Mart 2023, 2023.
2. USGS, United States Geological Survey, M 7.5 – Elbistan earthquake, Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence, son erişim: Mart 2023, 2023.
3. Aktas, Y.D., Dönmez, K., So, E., Johnson, C., Özden, A.T., Parammal Vatteri, A., … & Novelli, V., 2023 Türkiye Deprem Sekansı Deprem Mühendisliği Saha Çalışmaları Ekibi (EEFIT) Raporu Türkçe Genişletilmiş Özet, 2024. https://www.istructe.org/resources/report/eefit-mission-report-turkey-february-2023/
4. Aktaş, Y. D., So, E., Johnson, C., Dönmez, K., Özden, A. T., Parammal Vatteri, A., … & Rossetto, T., The Türkiye Earthquake Sequence of February 2023: A Longitudinal Study Report by EEFIT. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT), Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), 2024. https://www.istructe.org/resources/report/eefit-mission-report-turkey-february-2023/
5. Aktaş, Y.D., So, E., Parammal Vatteri, A., Johnson, C., Cabuk, E., Malcioglu, F.S., … & Efeoglu, T, Hybrid EEFIT Mission to February 2023Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence, Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics, SECED 2023, 14-15 Eylül, Cambridge, UK, 2023.
6. Bozyigit, B., Ozdemir, A., Donmez, K., Dalgic, K. D., Durgut, E., Yesilyurt, C., … & Acikgoz, S., Damage to Monumental Masonry Buildings in Hatay and Osmaniye following the 2023 Turkey Earthquake Sequence: the Role of Wall Geometry, Construction Quality, and Material Properties. Earthquake Spectra, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241247031
7. Uzsoy S.Z. & Çelebi M. 28 Mart 1970 Gediz (Kütahya) depremi ve yapιlarda meydana getirdiği hasarlar. ODTÜ, p. 57, 58, 62, 65–8, 1970.
8. Gülhan, D., Güney, I.Ö. The behaviour of traditional building systems against earthquake and its comparison to reinforced concrete frame systems; experiences of Marmara Earthquake damage assessment studies in Kocaeli and Sakarya. In: Proceedings for earthquake-safe: lessons to be learned from traditional construction Istanbul, Turkey, 2000.

9. Bayülke, N. Ahşap Yapılar ve Deprem. TMH - Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, sayı 414, 2001.
10. Doğangün, A., Tuluk, Ö., Livaoğlu, R., & Acar, R., Traditional wooden buildings and their damages during earthquakes in turkey. Engineering Failure Analysis, 13(6), 981-996, 2006.
11. Güçhan, N. Ş., Observations on earthquake resistance of traditional timber-framed houses in turkey. Building and Environment, 42(2), 840-851, 2007.
12. Gülkan, P., & Langenbach, R. The earthquake resistance of traditional timber and masonry dwellings in Turkey. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1(1), 29–59, 2007.
13. Langenbach, R., Understanding what works: Learning from earthquake resistant traditional construction. Heritage at Risk, 87-98, 2008.
14. Aktas, Y.D, Seismic Assessment of Traditional Hımış Timber Frame Houses, Doktora tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık Fakültesi, 2011.
15. Aktaş, Y.D., Akyüz, U., Türer, A., Erdil, B., Şahin Güçhan, N., Seismic Resistance Evaluation of Traditional Ottoman Timber-Frame Hımış Houses: Frame Loadings and Material Tests, Earthquake Spectra 30 (4), 1711-1732, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1193/011412EQS011M
16. Aktaş, Y.D., Türer, A., Seismic Performance Evaluation of Traditional Timber Hımış Frames: Capacity Spectrum Method Based Assessment, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 14 (11), 3175-3194, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9943-2
17. Aktaş, Y. D., Seismic Resistance of Traditional Timber-frame Hımış Structures in Turkey: A Brief Overview, International Wood Products Journal, 8, 21-28, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2016.1273683
18. Meral, H. Operational modal analysis and numerical modelling of a traditional hımış structure built with şamdolma technique. Yüksek lisans tezi. Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye. 2021.
19. Spence, R. & Coburn, A., Strengthening Buildings of Stone Masonry to Resist Earthquakes, Meccanica 27: 213-221, 1992.
20. Vintzileou, E., Effect of Timber Ties on the Behavior of Historic Masonry, Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(6), 2008.
21. Kuban, D., The Turkish Hayat House, Istanbul: T.C. Ziraat Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1995.
22. Eldem, S. H., Türk evi: Osmanlı dönemi. İstanbul: Türkiye Anıt, Çevre, Turizm Değerlerini Koruma Vakfı, 1984.
23. Diri, F., Construction Techniques of Traditional Birgi Houses, Yüksek Lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 2010.
24. Diri Akyıldız, F., Şahin Güçhan, N., & Aktaş, Y. D., Construction processes and techniques in traditional Birgi houses: a typical Ottoman settlement. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 30(1), 77–102, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2024.2328925
25. Tobriner, S, Wooden Architecture and Earthquakes in Turkey: A Reconnaissance Report and Commentary on the Performance of Wooden Structures in the Turkish Earthquakes of 17 August and 12 November 1999. Earthquake-Safe: Lessons to be Learned from Traditional Buildings. Istanbul: ICOMOS, 2000.
26. Aktaş, Y. D., Ioannou, Ι., Malcıoğlu, F. S., Kontoe, M., Vatteri, A. P., Baiguera, M., … & D’Ayala, D, Hybrid Reconnaissance Mission to the 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake and Tsunami (İzmir, Turkey & Samos, Greece): Description of Data Collection Methods and Damage. Frontiers in Built Environment, 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.840192
27. Aktaş, Y.D., O’Kane, A., Ozden, A.T., Kosker, A., Parammal Vatteri, A., Durmaz, B., ... &Putrino, V. (2021) The Aegean Earthquake and Tsunami of 30 October 2020: Report, Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, EEFIT. https://www.istructe.org/resources/report/eefit-mission-report-aegean-30-october-2020/
28. Aktaş, Y. D., Ioannou, Ι., Malcıoğlu, F. S., Vatteri, A. P., Kontoe, M., Dönmez, K., … & Diri‐Akyildiz, F., Traditional Structures in Turkey and Greece in 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake: Field Observations and Empirical Fragility Assessment. Frontiers in Built Environment, 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.840159
29. Whitworth, M. R. Z., Giardina, G., Penney, C., Sarno, L. D., Adams, K., Kijewski-Correa, T., … & Macabuag, J, Lessons for Remote Post-earthquake Reconnaissance from the 14 August 2021 Haiti Earthquake, Frontiers in Built Environment, 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.873212
30. Dönmez, K. & Aktaş, Y. D., Impact of Moisture Decay on Seismic Vulnerability: Haiti’s Wood-Framed Vernacular Buildings, 2nd International Conference on Moisture in Buildings 2023 (ICMB23), 3-4 July, London, United Kingdom, 2023. https://doi.org/10.14293/ICMB230040
31. Kijewski-Correa, T., Canales, E., Hamburger, R., Lochhead, M., Mbabazi, A., & Presuma, L., A Hybrid Model for Post-earthquake Performance Assessments in Challenging Contexts, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2024.
32. Ersoz, A. B., Pekcan, O., Altun, M., Teke, T., & Aydogmus, O., Utilizing Digital Technologies for Rapid Damage Assessment and Reconnaissance: the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye Earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6). Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2024.
33. Paköz, A. E., Geleneksel Maraş evlerinin mimari özellikleri. Artium, 1(1), 65-81, 2013.
34. Özger, Y., Geleneksel Maraş Evlerinde Yeniden İşlevlendirme: Kocabaş Konağı Örneği, Yüksek Lisans tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, 2021.
35. Över, S., Ünlügenç, U. C., & Bellier, O., Quaternary stress regime change in the Hatay region (SE Turkey). Geophysical Journal International, 148, 1–14, 2002.
36. TADAS-AFAD. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İç İşleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. tadas.afad.gov.tr. 2023.
37. World Bank and Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report: February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes-Türkiye Report, 2023.
38. Middle East Technical University, Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on February 6, 2023, Pazarcık Mw = 7.7 and Elbistan Mw = 7.6, Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye Earthquakes. Middle East Technical University, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report No: METU/EERC 2023-01, Ankara, Türkiye, 2023.
39. Okay, H. B., & Özacar, A. A. A Novel VS30 Prediction Strategy Taking Fluid Saturation into Account and a New VS30 Model of Türkiye. In Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (Vol. 114, Issue 2, pp. 1048–1065). Seismological Society of America (SSA). 2023.
40. Tarı, U., Tüysüz, O., Can Genç, Ş., İmren, C., Blackwell, B. A., & Beyhan, M., The geology and morphology of the Antakya Graben between the Amik Triple Junction and the Cyprus Arc. Geodinamica Acta, 26(1–2), 27–55, 2013.
41. Song, Q., Ren, Y., Zhou, B., Yang, Y., Liu, A., Wen, R., & Hui, Y., Deciphering the site effect as one of reasons causing severe building damages in Kahramanmaraş and Antakya in February 6 2023 earthquakes, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 84(8), 205, 202
42. Büyüksaraç, A., Över, S., Geneş, M. C., vd. Estimating shear wave velocity using acceleration data in Antakya (Turkey). Earth Science Research Journal, 18, 87–98, 2014.
43. Ulusay, R., Aydan, Ö., & Kumsar, H., Ground liquefaction caused by 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes of Türkiye and some assessments on its extent and impacts on built environment. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 83(11), 447, 2024.