Debris Flow Impact on Rigid Walls: Protection by Tree Trunks

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 6

Pakhshan Ahmadian Umut Turker

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1325755

Abstract

To mitigate debris flow disasters, most of the previous research has focused, mostly through experimental methods, on placing different rigid barriers as structural prevention against debris flow to dissipate its energy. However, there has been less research on simulating the debris flow resistance on the tree trunk patches. In the present work, analytical and numerical simulation of the peak impact pressure of debris flow on a vertical rigid wall has been analysed under the protection of a patch of tree trunks. Along the debris flow path, tree trunks with identical diameters have been arranged in linear and rectilinear configurations. The mathematical analysis employs the Reynolds Transport Theorem, while the numerical simulations use the Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical simulation results have depicted that the rectilinear configuration of tree trunks in a given spot area is more effective than other configurations and increasing the density of tree trunks within a given spot area is 50% more protective than the increase in the number of rows of the tree trunks. Additionally, this study estimates a new dynamic coefficient (α) as a function of the Froude number and devises a new expression for the drag force coefficient for different tree trunk configurations.

Keywords

Debris flow, rigid barriers, tree trunks, reynolds transport theorem, reynolds-averaged-navier-stokes

References

• Areas NRC (US). C on M for PM (1982) Selecting a methodology for delineating mudslide hazard areas for the National Flood Insurance Program. National Academies
• Armanini A (1997) On the dynamic impact of debris flows. In: Recent developments on debris flows. Springer, pp 208–226
• Armanini A, Rossi G, Larcher M (2019) Dynamic impact of a water and sediments surge against a rigid wall. J Hydraul Res
• Bagnold RA (1954) Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear. Proc R Soc London Ser A Math Phys Sci 225:49–63
• Bettella F, Michelini T, D’Agostino V, Bischetti GB (2018) The ability of tree stems to intercept debris flows in forested fan areas: A laboratory modelling study. J Agric Eng 49:42–51
• Bi Y, Du Y, He S, et al (2018) Numerical analysis of effect of baffle configuration on impact force exerted from rock avalanches. Landslides 15:1029–1043
• Chang W-Y, Constantinescu G, Tsai W-F (2020) Effect of array submergence on flow and coherent structures through and around a circular array of rigid vertical cylinders. Phys Fluids 32
• Choi CE, Ng CWW, Law RPH, et al (2015) Computational investigation of baffle configuration on impedance of channelized debris flow. Can Geotech J 52:182–197
• Chu T, Hill G, McClung DM, et al (1995) Experiments on granular flows to predict avalanche runup. Can Geotech J 32:285–295
• Cost ND (1979) Multiresource inventories: a technique for measuring volumes in standing trees. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station
• Costa JE (1984) Physical geomorphology of debris flows. In ‘Developments and applications of geomorphology’.(Eds JE Costa, PJ Fleisher) pp. 268–317
• Cui P, Zeng C, Lei Y (2015) Experimental analysis on the impact force of viscous debris flow. Earth Surf Process Landforms 40:1644–1655
• D’Ippolito A, Calomino F, Alfonsi G, Lauria A (2021) Flow resistance in open channel due to vegetation at reach scale: A review. Water 13:116
• D’Ippolito A, Lauria A, Alfonsi G, Calomino F (2019) Investigation of flow resistance exerted by rigid emergent vegetation in open channel. Acta Geophys 67:971–986
• Mangeney, A., Roche, O., Hungr, O., Mangold, N., Faccanoni, G., & Lucas, A. (2010). Erosion and mobility in granular collapse over sloping beds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 115(F3)
• Egli T (2005) Wegleitung Objektschutz gegen gravitative naturgefahren. VKF
• Etminan V, Lowe RJ, Ghisalberti M (2017) A new model for predicting the drag exerted by vegetation canopies. Water Resour Res 53:3179–3196
• Fidej G, Mikoš M, Rugani T, et al (2015) Assessment of the protective function of forests against debris flows in a gorge of the Slovenian Alps. iForest-Biogeosciences For 8:73
• Hübl J, Holzinger G (2003) Development of design basis for crest open structures for debris flow management in torrents: miniaturized tests for the efficiency estimation of debris flow breakers. WLS Rep 50
• Hübl J, Suda J, Proske D, et al (2009) Debris flow impact estimation. In: Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on water management and hydraulic engineering, Ohrid, Macedonia. pp 1–5
• Hungr O, Morgan GC, Kellerhals R (1984) Quantitative analysis of debris torrent hazards for design of remedial measures. Can Geotech J 21:663–677
• Iverson RM, George DL, Logan M (2016) Debris flow runup on vertical barriers and adverse slopes. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 121:2333–2357
• Iverson RM, Ouyang C (2015) Entrainment of bed material by Earth‐surface mass flows: Review and reformulation of depth‐integrated theory. Rev Geophys 53:27-58
• Julien PY, Leon C (2000) Mud floods, mudflows and debris flows. Classification, rheology and structural design. Jornadas Investig JIFI
• Kang T, Jang C-L, Kimura I, Lee N (2022) Numerical Simulation of Debris Flow and Driftwood with Entrainment of Sediment. Water 14:3673
• Kim B-J, Choi CE, Yune C-Y (2023) Multi-scale flume investigation of the influence of cylindrical baffles on the mobility of landslide debris. Eng Geol 314:107012
• Kim B-J, Yune C-Y (2022) Flume investigation of cylindrical baffles on landslide debris energy dissipation. Landslides 19:3043–3060
• Kim SJ, Stoesser T (2011) Closure modeling and direct simulation of vegetation drag in flow through emergent vegetation. Water Resour Res 47(10)
• Kothyari UC, Hayashi K, Hashimoto H (2009) Drag coefficient of unsubmerged rigid vegetation stems in open channel flows. J Hydraul Res 47:691–699
• Kumar r, Singh nk (2021) Three dimensional flow over elliptic cylinders arrays in octagonal arrangement. J Therm Eng 7:2031–2040
• Lei Y, Cui P, Zeng C, Guo Y (2018) An empirical mode decomposition-based signal process method for two-phase debris flow impact. Landslides 15:297–307
• Leonardi A, Pirulli M (2020) Analysis of the load exerted by debris flows on filter barriers: Comparison between numerical results and field measurements. Comput Geotech 118:103311
• Li R-M, Shen HW (1973) Effect of tall vegetations on flow and sediment. J Hydraul Div 99:793–814
• Lichtenhahn C (1973) Berechnung von sperren in beton und eisenbeton. Mitt Forstl Bundes Versuchsanst Wein
• Liu C, Nepf H (2016) Sediment deposition within and around a finite patch of model vegetation over a range of channel velocity. Water Resour Res 52:600–612
• Liu M-Y, Huai W-X, Yang Z-H, Zeng Y-H (2020) A genetic programming-based model for drag coefficient of emergent vegetation in open channel flows. Adv Water Resour 140:103582
• Liu W, Yang Z, He S (2021) Modeling the landslide-generated debris flow from formation to propagation and run-out by considering the effect of vegetation. Landslides 18:43–58
• Mahnamfar F, Abdollahzadehmoradi Y, Ağiralioğlu N (2020) Flood risk analysis of residential areas at downstream side of Elmali Dam. Acad Platf J Nat Hazards Disaster Manag 1:49–58
• Malvern LE (1969) Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium
• Mancheño AG, Jansen W, Uijttewaal WSJ, et al (2021) Wave transmission and drag coefficients through dense cylinder arrays: Implications for designing structures for mangrove restoration. Ecol Eng 165:106231
• Mangeney, A., Roche, O., Hungr, O., Mangold, N., Faccanoni, G., & Lucas, A. (2010). Erosion and mobility in granular collapse over sloping beds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 115(F3)
• Mashud M, Al-Bari A, Kader MG (2011) Experimental investigation of drag force reduction mechanism for flow around a circular cylinder. Int J Eng Appl Sci 3:69–75
• Nepf HM (2012) Hydrodynamics of vegetated channels. J Hydraul Res 50:262–279
• Nepf HM (1999) Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation. Water Resour Res 35:479–489
• Ng CWW, Choi CE, Song D, et al (2015) Physical modeling of baffles influence on landslide debris mobility. Landslides 12:1–18
• Riazi A, Türker U (2019) The drag coefficient and settling velocity of natural sediment particles. Comput Part Mech 6:427–437
• Scheidl C, Chiari M, Mullegger M, Proske D (2012) Estimation of debris-flow impact forces using a small scale modelling approach. In: 12th Congress Interpraevent
• Schoneboom T, Aberle J, Dittrich A (2011) Spatial variability, mean drag forces, and drag coefficients in an array of rigid cylinders. Exp methods Hydraul Res 255–265
• Scotton P, Deganutti AM (1997) Phreatic line and dynamic impact in laboratory debris flow experiments. In: Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment. ASCE, pp 777–786
• Sohrabi S, Afzalimehr H, Singh VP (2023) Estimation of drag coefficient of emergent and submerged vegetation patches with various densities and arrangements in open channel flow. ISH J Hydraul Eng 29:297–307
• Song D, Chen X, Zhou GGD, et al (2021) Impact dynamics of debris flow against rigid obstacle in laboratory experiments. Eng Geol 291:106211
• Stoesser T, Salvador GP, Rodi W, Diplas P (2009) Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow through submerged vegetation. Transp porous media 78:347–365
• Takahashi T (1979) Study of the deposition of debris flows (1)-deposition due to abrupt change of bed slope-. Ann Disaster Prev Res Inst Kyoto Univ 22:315–328
• Tanino Y, Nepf HM (2008) Laboratory investigation of mean drag in a random array of rigid, emergent cylinders. J Hydraul Eng 134:34–41
• Thouret J-C, Antoine S, Magill C, Ollier C (2020) Lahars and debris flows: Characteristics and impacts. Earth-Science Rev 201:103003
• Tiberghien D, Laigle D, Naaim M, et al (2007) Experimental investigations of interaction between mudflow and an obstacle. Debris-flow hazards Mitig Mech Predict assessment, Millpress, Rotterdam
• Valyrakis, M., Liu, D., Turker, U., & Yagci, O. (2021). The role of increasing riverbank vegetation density on flow dynamics across an asymmetrical channel. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 21, 643-666
• Türker U, Valyrakis M (2021) Hydraulic jump on rough beds: conceptual modeling and experimental validation. Water Supply 21:1423–1437
• Türker U, Yagci O, Kabdasli MS (2019) Impact of nearshore vegetation on coastal dune erosion: assessment through laboratory experiments. Environ Earth Sci 78:1–14
• Türker U, Yagci O, Kabdaşlı MS (2006) Analysis of coastal damage of a beach profile under the protection of emergent vegetation. Ocean Eng 33:810–828
• Vargas‐Luna A, Crosato A, Uijttewaal WSJ (2015) Effects of vegetation on flow and sediment transport: comparative analyses and validation of predicting models. Earth Surf Process Landforms 40:157–176
• Wang D, Li Q, Bi Y, He S (2020) Effects of new baffles system under the impact of rock avalanches. Eng Geol 264:105261
• Watanabe M (1981) Investigation and analysis of volcanic mud flows in mt sakurajima, japan
• Wilson C, Stoesser T, Bates PD, Pinzen AB (2003) Open channel flow through different forms of submerged flexible vegetation. J Hydraul Eng 129:847–853
• Yan Y, Tang H, Hu K, et al (2023) Deriving Debris‐Flow Dynamics From Real‐Time Impact‐Force Measurements. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 128:e2022JF006715
• Yang E, Bui HH, Nguyen GD, et al (2021) Numerical investigation of the mechanism of granular flow impact on rigid control structures. Acta Geotech 16:2505–2527
• Yazid AS, Adnan TFFT, Abdullah AA, et al (2017) Flood risk mitigation: Pressing issues and challenges. Int Rev Manag Mark 7:157–163
• Zanchetta G, Sulpizio R, Pareschi MT, et al (2004) Characteristics of May 5–6, 1998 volcaniclastic debris flows in the Sarno area (Campania, southern Italy): relationships to structural damage and hazard zonation. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 133:377–393
• Zhang B, Huang Y, Liu J (2021) Micro-mechanism and efficiency of baffle structure in deceleration of granular flows. Acta Geotech 16:3667–3688
• Zhang S (1993) A comprehensive approach to the observation and prevention of debris flows in China. Nat Hazards 7:1–23
• Zhang S, Yuan J (1985) Impact force of debris flow and its detection. Mem Lanzhou Inst Glaciol Cryopedology, Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Sci Press 269–274