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The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load

Year 2025, Volume: 36 Issue: 2

Abdulkadir Özalp Hande Gökdemir Cihan Çiftçi

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1211905

Abstract

In this study, the performance of two different steel structure types (moment-resisting frame and braced frame) under wind loading was compared by addressing the fragility curves of these structure types. To perform this comparison, the dimensions of the members of these structural systems were first determined. Then, nonlinear static pushover analyses were conducted to assess the performance levels of each frame type. After applying these analyses, time-history analyses were performed with 100 different wind loads for each varying equivalent mean wind speed. Afterwards, the probability of exceeding the predetermined structural performance limits of the structure types was determined using Monte Carlo simulation method. Finally, the results of the simulation method were used to adapt the maximum likelihood estimation method to obtain the fragility curves of the structures. To conclude, it has been revealed that the material cost of the structure doubles when diagonal elements are used, but the wind speed required for a 100% collapse probability to occur in the braced frame is twice as high compared to the moment-resisting frame.

Keywords

Performance based design time history analysis pushover analysis load resistance factor design fragility curve

References

  • 3TIER, Global Mean Wind Speed at 80 m, University of Utah (2011). https://www.inscc.utah.edu/~krueger/5270/3tier_5km_global_wind_speed.pdf (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 7-10: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, 3rd ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, 2013.
  • W. Cui, L. Caracoglia, Exploring hurricane wind speed along US Atlantic coast in warming climate and effects on predictions of structural damage and intervention costs, Eng Struct 122 (2016) 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2016.05.003.
  • R.K. Tessari, H.M. Kroetz, A.T. Beck, Performance-based design of steel towers subject to wind action, Eng Struct 143 (2017) 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2017.03.053.
  • Y.J. Cha, J.W. Bai, Seismic fragility estimates of a moment-resisting frame building controlled by MR dampers using performance-based design, Eng Struct 116 (2016) 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2016.02.055.
  • M. Ansari, A. Safiey, M. Abbasi, Fragility based performance evaluation of mid rise reinforced concrete frames in near field and far field earthquakes, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 76 (2020) 751. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2020.76.6.751.
  • P. Liu, Z.-H. Li, W.-G. Yang, Seismic fragility analysis of sliding artifacts in nonlinear artifact-showcase-museum systems, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 78 (2021) 333. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2021.78.3.333.
  • D.G. Lignos, E. Karamanci, Drift-based and dual-parameter fragility curves for concentrically braced frames in seismic regions, J Constr Steel Res 90 (2013) 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2013.07.034.
  • A. Gürbüz, M. Tekin, Farklı Tip Betonarme Binalar İçin Geliştirilmiş Hasar Tahmin Yöntemleri, Teknik Dergi 28 (2017) 8051–8076. https://doi.org/10.18400/TEKDERG.334196.
  • M. Salameh, M. Shayanfar, M.A. Barkhordari, Seismic Performance of a Hybrid Coupled Wall System Using different Coupling Beam Arrangements, Teknik Dergi 33 (2022) 12401–12428. https://doi.org/10.18400/TEKDERG.782642.
  • C. Ciftci, S.R. Arwade, B. Kane, S.F. Brena, Analysis of the probability of failure for open-grown trees during wind storms, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 37 (2014) 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROBENGMECH.2014.04.002.
  • J. Shin, K. Lee, S.H. Jeong, J. Lee, Probabilistic performance assessment of gravity-designed steel frame buildings using buckling-restrained knee braces, J Constr Steel Res 104 (2015) 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2014.10.019.
  • S. Sakurai, B.R. Ellingwood, S. Kushiyama, Probabilistic study of the behavior of steel frames with partially restrained connections, Eng Struct 23 (2001) 1410–1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00052-9.
  • C.M. Ramirez, D.G. Lignos, E. Miranda, D. Kolios, Fragility functions for pre-Northridge welded steel moment-resisting beam-to-column connections, Eng Struct 45 (2012) 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2012.07.007.
  • A.K. Kazantzi, D. Vamvatsikos, D.G. Lignos, Seismic performance of a steel moment-resisting frame subject to strength and ductility uncertainty, Eng Struct 78 (2014) 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2014.06.044.
  • A.E. Özel, E.M. Güneyisi, Effects of eccentric steel bracing systems on seismic fragility curves of mid-rise R/C buildings: A case study, Structural Safety 33 (2011) 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STRUSAFE.2010.09.001.
  • S.H. Kim, M. Shinozuka, Development of fragility curves of bridges retrofitted by column jacketing, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 19 (2004) 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROBENGMECH.2003.11.009.
  • S. Bobby, S.M.J. Spence, E. Bernardini, A. Kareem, Performance-based topology optimization for wind-excited tall buildings: A framework, Eng Struct 74 (2014) 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2014.05.043.
  • F. Mazza, M. Fiore, Vibration control by damped braces of fire-damaged steel structures subjected to wind and seismic loads, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 83 (2016) 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILDYN.2016.01.003.
  • Y. Gong, Y. Xue, L. Xu, Optimal capacity design of eccentrically braced steel frameworks using nonlinear response history analysis, Eng Struct 48 (2013) 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2012.10.001.
  • A. Arablouei, V. Kodur, A fracture mechanics-based approach for quantifying delamination of spray-applied fire-resistive insulation from steel moment-resisting frame subjected to seismic loading, Eng Fract Mech 121–122 (2014) 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFRACMECH.2014.03.003.
  • A. Imanpour, K. Auger, R. Tremblay, Seismic design and performance of multi-tiered steel braced frames including the contribution from gravity columns under in-plane seismic demand, Advances in Engineering Software 101 (2016) 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVENGSOFT.2016.01.021.
  • J. Iyama, H. Kuwamura, Probabilistic advantage of vibrational redundancy in earthquake-resistant steel frames, J Constr Steel Res 52 (1999) 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00012-7.
  • Y.C. Lin, Steel sliding-controlled coupled beam modules: Development and seismic behavior for a moment resisting frame, Eng Struct 99 (2015) 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2015.05.008.
  • D.B. Merczel, J.M. Aribert, H. Somja, M. Hjiaj, Plastic analysis-based seismic design method to control the weak storey behaviour of concentrically braced steel frames, J Constr Steel Res 125 (2016) 142–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.05.008.
  • M. Pirizadeh, H. Shakib, Probabilistic seismic performance evaluation of non-geometric vertically irregular steel buildings, J Constr Steel Res 82 (2013) 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2012.12.012.
  • P. Sultana, M.A. Youssef, Seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames utilizing superelastic shape memory alloys, J Constr Steel Res 125 (2016) 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.06.019.
  • J. Alam, D. Kim, B. Choi, Seismic risk assessment of intake tower in Korea using updated fragility by Bayesian inference, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 69 (2019) 317. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2019.69.3.317.
  • JavadMoradloo, K. Naserasadi, H. Zamani, Seismic fragility evaluation of arch concrete dams through nonlinear incremental analysis using smeared crack model, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 68 (2018) 747. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2018.68.6.747.
  • P. Liu, H.X. Zhu, P.P. Fan, W.G. Yang, A reliability-based fragility assessment method for seismic pounding between nonlinear buildings, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 77 (2021) 19–35. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2021.77.1.019.
  • G. Craighead, High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2009.
  • J.-W. Lai, S.A. Mahin, Strongback System: A Way to Reduce Damage Concentration in Steel-Braced Frames, Journal of Structural Engineering 141 (2014) 04014223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001198.
  • T. Okazaki, M.D. Engelhardt, Cyclic loading behavior of EBF links constructed of ASTM A992 steel, J Constr Steel Res 63 (2007) 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2006.08.004.
  • S. Kazemzadeh Azad, C. Topkaya, A review of research on steel eccentrically braced frames, J Constr Steel Res 128 (2017) 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.07.032.
  • D.M. Patil, K.K. Sangle, Seismic Behaviour of Different Bracing Systems in High Rise 2-D Steel Buildings, Structures 3 (2015) 282–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2015.06.004.
  • R. Sabelli, S. Mahin, C. Chang, Seismic demands on steel braced frame buildings with buckling-restrained braces, Eng Struct 25 (2003) 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00175-X.
  • Computers and Structures Inc., Sap2000 v19.0.0, (2016).
  • T. Uçar, M. Düzgün, Betonarme Binalar İçin Artımsal İtme Analizi Esaslı Analitik Hasargörebilirlik Eğrilerinin Oluşturulması, Teknik Dergi 24 (2013) 402. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tekderg/issue/12741/155127 (accessed July 18, 2024).
  • American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 7-10: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, 3rd ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, 2013.
  • R. Bjorhovde, The 2005 American steel structures design code, J Constr Steel Res 62 (2006) 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2006.06.011.
  • M. Haddad, Cyclic behavior and finite element modeling of wide flange steel bracing members, Thin-Walled Structures 111 (2017) 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TWS.2016.11.006.
  • C.G. Salmon, J.E. Johnson, F.A. Malhas, Steel Structures Design and Behavior, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2008.
  • J. Szalai, F. Papp, On the probabilistic evaluation of the stability resistance of steel columns and beams, J Constr Steel Res 65 (2009) 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2008.08.006.
  • CSi Knowledge Base, Time-History Analysis, Computers and Structures Inc. (2014). https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Time-history+analysis (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • CSi Knowledge Base, Ritz vs. Eigen Vectors, Computers and Structures Inc. (2014). http://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Ritz+vs.+Eigen+vectors (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, İllinois, 2001.
  • American Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction Manual, 15th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, İllinois, 2017.
  • L.-X. Li, H.-N. Li, C. Li, Seismic fragility assessment of self-centering RC frame structures considering maximum and residual deformations, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 68 (2018) 677. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2018.68.6.677.
  • Y. Lu, L. Zhang, Z. He, F. Feng, F. Pan, Wind-induced vibration fragility of outer-attached tower crane to super-tall buildings: A case study, Wind and Structures 32 (2021) 405. https://doi.org/10.12989/WAS.2021.32.5.405.
  • S. Li, Z. Zuo, C. Zhai, L. Xie, Comparison of static pushover and dynamic analyses using RC building shaking table experiment, Eng Struct 136 (2017) 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2017.01.033.
  • M. Bocciarelli, G. Barbieri, A numerical procedure for the pushover analysis of masonry towers, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 93 (2017) 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILDYN.2016.07.022.
  • K. Kamath, S. Hirannaiah, J.C.K.B. Noronha, An analytical study on performance of a diagrid structure using nonlinear static pushover analysis, Perspect Sci (Neth) 8 (2016) 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PISC.2016.04.004.
  • American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 41-13: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, 1st ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, 2014.
  • F.N. Kudu, Ş. Uçak, G. Osmancikli, T. Türker, A. Bayraktar, Estimation of damping ratios of steel structures by Operational Modal Analysis method, J Constr Steel Res 112 (2015) 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2015.04.019.
  • A. V. Papageorgiou, C.J. Gantes, Equivalent modal damping ratios for concrete/steel mixed structures, Comput Struct 88 (2010) 1124–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUC.2010.06.014.
  • M.S. Kırçıl, E.Ç. Kocabey, Examination of the Efficiency of Retrofitting Methods through Fragility Analysis, Teknik Dergi 30 (2019) 9243–9260. https://doi.org/10.18400/TEKDERG.408126.
  • Baker Research Group, Efficient Analytical Fragility Function Fitting Using Dynamic Structural Analysis, Stanford University (2014). http://web.stanford.edu/~bakerjw/publications.html (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • C. Çiftçi, A Methodology for Fast and Accurate Analytical Fragility Analysis of Linear Structural Systems during Wind Storms: ALFA, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 39 (2023) 508-520.

The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load

Year 2025, Volume: 36 Issue: 2

Abdulkadir Özalp Hande Gökdemir Cihan Çiftçi

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1211905

Abstract

In this study, the performance of two different steel structure types (moment-resisting frame and braced frame) under wind loading was compared by addressing the fragility curves of these structure types. To perform this comparison, the dimensions of the members of these structural systems were first determined. Then, nonlinear static pushover analyses were conducted to assess the performance levels of each frame type. After applying these analyses, time-history analyses were performed with 100 different wind loads for each varying equivalent mean wind speed. Afterwards, the probability of exceeding the predetermined structural performance limits of the structure types was determined using Monte Carlo simulation method. Finally, the results of the simulation method were used to adapt the maximum likelihood estimation method to obtain the fragility curves of the structures. To conclude, it has been revealed that the material cost of the structure doubles when diagonal elements are used, but the wind speed required for a 100% collapse probability to occur in the braced frame is twice as high compared to the moment-resisting frame.

Keywords

Performance based design time history analysis pushover analysis load resistance factor design fragility curve

References

  • 3TIER, Global Mean Wind Speed at 80 m, University of Utah (2011). https://www.inscc.utah.edu/~krueger/5270/3tier_5km_global_wind_speed.pdf (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 7-10: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, 3rd ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, 2013.
  • W. Cui, L. Caracoglia, Exploring hurricane wind speed along US Atlantic coast in warming climate and effects on predictions of structural damage and intervention costs, Eng Struct 122 (2016) 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2016.05.003.
  • R.K. Tessari, H.M. Kroetz, A.T. Beck, Performance-based design of steel towers subject to wind action, Eng Struct 143 (2017) 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2017.03.053.
  • Y.J. Cha, J.W. Bai, Seismic fragility estimates of a moment-resisting frame building controlled by MR dampers using performance-based design, Eng Struct 116 (2016) 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2016.02.055.
  • M. Ansari, A. Safiey, M. Abbasi, Fragility based performance evaluation of mid rise reinforced concrete frames in near field and far field earthquakes, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 76 (2020) 751. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2020.76.6.751.
  • P. Liu, Z.-H. Li, W.-G. Yang, Seismic fragility analysis of sliding artifacts in nonlinear artifact-showcase-museum systems, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 78 (2021) 333. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2021.78.3.333.
  • D.G. Lignos, E. Karamanci, Drift-based and dual-parameter fragility curves for concentrically braced frames in seismic regions, J Constr Steel Res 90 (2013) 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2013.07.034.
  • A. Gürbüz, M. Tekin, Farklı Tip Betonarme Binalar İçin Geliştirilmiş Hasar Tahmin Yöntemleri, Teknik Dergi 28 (2017) 8051–8076. https://doi.org/10.18400/TEKDERG.334196.
  • M. Salameh, M. Shayanfar, M.A. Barkhordari, Seismic Performance of a Hybrid Coupled Wall System Using different Coupling Beam Arrangements, Teknik Dergi 33 (2022) 12401–12428. https://doi.org/10.18400/TEKDERG.782642.
  • C. Ciftci, S.R. Arwade, B. Kane, S.F. Brena, Analysis of the probability of failure for open-grown trees during wind storms, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 37 (2014) 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROBENGMECH.2014.04.002.
  • J. Shin, K. Lee, S.H. Jeong, J. Lee, Probabilistic performance assessment of gravity-designed steel frame buildings using buckling-restrained knee braces, J Constr Steel Res 104 (2015) 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2014.10.019.
  • S. Sakurai, B.R. Ellingwood, S. Kushiyama, Probabilistic study of the behavior of steel frames with partially restrained connections, Eng Struct 23 (2001) 1410–1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00052-9.
  • C.M. Ramirez, D.G. Lignos, E. Miranda, D. Kolios, Fragility functions for pre-Northridge welded steel moment-resisting beam-to-column connections, Eng Struct 45 (2012) 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2012.07.007.
  • A.K. Kazantzi, D. Vamvatsikos, D.G. Lignos, Seismic performance of a steel moment-resisting frame subject to strength and ductility uncertainty, Eng Struct 78 (2014) 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2014.06.044.
  • A.E. Özel, E.M. Güneyisi, Effects of eccentric steel bracing systems on seismic fragility curves of mid-rise R/C buildings: A case study, Structural Safety 33 (2011) 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STRUSAFE.2010.09.001.
  • S.H. Kim, M. Shinozuka, Development of fragility curves of bridges retrofitted by column jacketing, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 19 (2004) 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROBENGMECH.2003.11.009.
  • S. Bobby, S.M.J. Spence, E. Bernardini, A. Kareem, Performance-based topology optimization for wind-excited tall buildings: A framework, Eng Struct 74 (2014) 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2014.05.043.
  • F. Mazza, M. Fiore, Vibration control by damped braces of fire-damaged steel structures subjected to wind and seismic loads, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 83 (2016) 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILDYN.2016.01.003.
  • Y. Gong, Y. Xue, L. Xu, Optimal capacity design of eccentrically braced steel frameworks using nonlinear response history analysis, Eng Struct 48 (2013) 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2012.10.001.
  • A. Arablouei, V. Kodur, A fracture mechanics-based approach for quantifying delamination of spray-applied fire-resistive insulation from steel moment-resisting frame subjected to seismic loading, Eng Fract Mech 121–122 (2014) 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFRACMECH.2014.03.003.
  • A. Imanpour, K. Auger, R. Tremblay, Seismic design and performance of multi-tiered steel braced frames including the contribution from gravity columns under in-plane seismic demand, Advances in Engineering Software 101 (2016) 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVENGSOFT.2016.01.021.
  • J. Iyama, H. Kuwamura, Probabilistic advantage of vibrational redundancy in earthquake-resistant steel frames, J Constr Steel Res 52 (1999) 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00012-7.
  • Y.C. Lin, Steel sliding-controlled coupled beam modules: Development and seismic behavior for a moment resisting frame, Eng Struct 99 (2015) 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2015.05.008.
  • D.B. Merczel, J.M. Aribert, H. Somja, M. Hjiaj, Plastic analysis-based seismic design method to control the weak storey behaviour of concentrically braced steel frames, J Constr Steel Res 125 (2016) 142–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.05.008.
  • M. Pirizadeh, H. Shakib, Probabilistic seismic performance evaluation of non-geometric vertically irregular steel buildings, J Constr Steel Res 82 (2013) 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2012.12.012.
  • P. Sultana, M.A. Youssef, Seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames utilizing superelastic shape memory alloys, J Constr Steel Res 125 (2016) 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.06.019.
  • J. Alam, D. Kim, B. Choi, Seismic risk assessment of intake tower in Korea using updated fragility by Bayesian inference, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 69 (2019) 317. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2019.69.3.317.
  • JavadMoradloo, K. Naserasadi, H. Zamani, Seismic fragility evaluation of arch concrete dams through nonlinear incremental analysis using smeared crack model, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 68 (2018) 747. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2018.68.6.747.
  • P. Liu, H.X. Zhu, P.P. Fan, W.G. Yang, A reliability-based fragility assessment method for seismic pounding between nonlinear buildings, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 77 (2021) 19–35. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2021.77.1.019.
  • G. Craighead, High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2009.
  • J.-W. Lai, S.A. Mahin, Strongback System: A Way to Reduce Damage Concentration in Steel-Braced Frames, Journal of Structural Engineering 141 (2014) 04014223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001198.
  • T. Okazaki, M.D. Engelhardt, Cyclic loading behavior of EBF links constructed of ASTM A992 steel, J Constr Steel Res 63 (2007) 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2006.08.004.
  • S. Kazemzadeh Azad, C. Topkaya, A review of research on steel eccentrically braced frames, J Constr Steel Res 128 (2017) 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.07.032.
  • D.M. Patil, K.K. Sangle, Seismic Behaviour of Different Bracing Systems in High Rise 2-D Steel Buildings, Structures 3 (2015) 282–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2015.06.004.
  • R. Sabelli, S. Mahin, C. Chang, Seismic demands on steel braced frame buildings with buckling-restrained braces, Eng Struct 25 (2003) 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00175-X.
  • Computers and Structures Inc., Sap2000 v19.0.0, (2016).
  • T. Uçar, M. Düzgün, Betonarme Binalar İçin Artımsal İtme Analizi Esaslı Analitik Hasargörebilirlik Eğrilerinin Oluşturulması, Teknik Dergi 24 (2013) 402. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tekderg/issue/12741/155127 (accessed July 18, 2024).
  • American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 7-10: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, 3rd ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, 2013.
  • R. Bjorhovde, The 2005 American steel structures design code, J Constr Steel Res 62 (2006) 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2006.06.011.
  • M. Haddad, Cyclic behavior and finite element modeling of wide flange steel bracing members, Thin-Walled Structures 111 (2017) 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TWS.2016.11.006.
  • C.G. Salmon, J.E. Johnson, F.A. Malhas, Steel Structures Design and Behavior, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2008.
  • J. Szalai, F. Papp, On the probabilistic evaluation of the stability resistance of steel columns and beams, J Constr Steel Res 65 (2009) 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2008.08.006.
  • CSi Knowledge Base, Time-History Analysis, Computers and Structures Inc. (2014). https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Time-history+analysis (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • CSi Knowledge Base, Ritz vs. Eigen Vectors, Computers and Structures Inc. (2014). http://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Ritz+vs.+Eigen+vectors (accessed September 25, 2022).
  • American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, İllinois, 2001.
  • American Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction Manual, 15th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, İllinois, 2017.
  • L.-X. Li, H.-N. Li, C. Li, Seismic fragility assessment of self-centering RC frame structures considering maximum and residual deformations, Structural Engineering and Mechanics 68 (2018) 677. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2018.68.6.677.
  • Y. Lu, L. Zhang, Z. He, F. Feng, F. Pan, Wind-induced vibration fragility of outer-attached tower crane to super-tall buildings: A case study, Wind and Structures 32 (2021) 405. https://doi.org/10.12989/WAS.2021.32.5.405.
  • S. Li, Z. Zuo, C. Zhai, L. Xie, Comparison of static pushover and dynamic analyses using RC building shaking table experiment, Eng Struct 136 (2017) 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2017.01.033.
  • M. Bocciarelli, G. Barbieri, A numerical procedure for the pushover analysis of masonry towers, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 93 (2017) 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILDYN.2016.07.022.
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdulkadir Özalp

Hande Gökdemir

Cihan Çiftçi

Early Pub Date July 30, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date November 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 36 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özalp, A., Gökdemir, H., & Çiftçi, C. (2024). The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1211905
AMA Özalp A, Gökdemir H, Çiftçi C. The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load. tjce. July 2024;36(2). doi:10.18400/tjce.1211905
Chicago Özalp, Abdulkadir, Hande Gökdemir, and Cihan Çiftçi. “The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 2 (July 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1211905.
EndNote Özalp A, Gökdemir H, Çiftçi C (July 1, 2024) The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36 2
IEEE A. Özalp, H. Gökdemir, and C. Çiftçi, “The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load”, tjce, vol. 36, no. 2, 2024, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1211905.
ISNAD Özalp, Abdulkadir et al. “The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36/2 (July 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1211905.
JAMA Özalp A, Gökdemir H, Çiftçi C. The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load. tjce. 2024;36. doi:10.18400/tjce.1211905.
MLA Özalp, Abdulkadir et al. “The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 36, no. 2, 2024, doi:10.18400/tjce.1211905.
Vancouver Özalp A, Gökdemir H, Çiftçi C. The Comparison of Fragility Curves of Moment-Resisting and Braced Frames Used In Steel Structures under Varying Wind Load. tjce. 2024;36(2).