Multifunctional Proteins: Moonlight Proteins

Abstract

In recent years, the knowledge that many proteins have more than one function has begun to take the place of one gene – one protein - one function idea. Moonlight proteins are a subclass of multi-functional proteins. The concept of moonlight protein describes the ability of a single polypeptide chain to carry through multiple biochemical functions. Today more than 300 moonlight proteins have been identified. However, the data indicate that there may be more moonlight proteins. Known examples of moonlight proteins include a variety of protein types including receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, adhesins, and scaffold proteins. A moonlight protein can activate the second function in different cell types, at different intracellular locations, at different oligomeric states, or depending on changes in concentration of a ligand, substrate, cofactor or a reaction product. However, these mechanisms are non-specific and the mechanism of transition between functions may use one of them or their combination. Moonlight proteins have been suggested to be associated with disease phenotypes such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Moonlight proteins bring some difficulties to treatment processes by taking place in pathogenesis of diseases but also offer opportunities as a potential treatment target and treatment tool. In this review, we aimed to contribute to our current basic and biochemical knowledge by discussing the biochemical, physiological and pathological features of the present moonlight proteins and their relationships with diseases.

Keywords

• Moonlight proteins,multifunctional proteins,protein function,metabolic coordination,additional novel functions

Çok işlevli Proteinler: Moonlight Proteinler

Abstract

Son yıllarda birçok proteinin birden fazla fonksiyona sahip olduğu bilgisi, bir gen - bir protein - bir fonksiyon fikrinin yerini almaya başlamıştır. Moonlight proteinler çok fonksiyonlu proteinlerin bir alt sınıfıdır. Moonlight protein kavramı, tek bir polipeptid zincirinin çoklu biyokimyasal fonksiyonları yerine getirmesini tanımlamaktadır. Bugün 300'den fazla moonlight proteini tanımlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, veriler daha fazla moonlight proteini olabileceğini göstermektedir. Moonlight proteinlerin bilinen örnekleri arasında, reseptörler, enzimler, transkripsiyon faktörleri, adhezinler ve hücre iskeleti de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli protein türleri bulunmaktadır. Bir moonlight protein, farklı hücre tiplerinde, farklı hücre içi lokasyonlarda, farklı oligomerik durumlarda bulunarak veya bir ligandın, substratın, kofaktörün ya da ürünün konsantrasyonundaki değişikliklere bağlı olarak ikinci fonksiyonunu aktifleştirebilmektedir. Ancak bu mekanizmalar, özgül değildir ve fonksiyonlar arasındaki geçişlerde bu yollardan birini ya da bunların bir kombinasyonunu kullanabilmektedir. Moonlight proteinlerin, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ve kanser gibi hastalık fenotipleri ile ilişkili olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Bunun yanısıra hastalık patogenezlerinde yer alarak tedavi süreçlerine bir takım zorluklar getirmekle birlikte potansiyel bir tedavi hedefi ve tedavi aracı olarak da fırsatlar sunmaktadır.  Biz bu derlemede, başlıca insanlardaki mevcut moonlight proteinlerin biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve patolojik özelliklerini ve hastalıklarla ilişkilerini tartışarak mevcut temel ve biyokimyasal bilgilerimize katkıda bulunmayı amaçladık.

Keywords

• Moonlight proteinler,çok işlevli proteinler,protein fonksiyonu,metabolik düzenlenme

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