Research Article
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Ordu ilinde hepatit C virüsü genotiplerinin dağılımı

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1554814

Abstract

Amaç: Hepatit C virüsü (HCV) enfeksiyonu dünya çapında büyük bir sağlık sorunudur ve kronik karaciğer hastalığı, siroz ve hepatoselüler karsinomaya yol açar. Dünya çapında en yaygın genotip olan genotip 1, genellikle diğer genotiplere kıyasla daha uzun ve daha karmaşık tedavi rejimleri gerektirir. HCV enfeksiyonu, özellikle alanin aminotransferaz (ALT) olmak üzere karaciğer enzim seviyelerindeki değişikliklerle yakından ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma, kronik HCV hastalarında HCV genotiplerinin dağılımını belirlemeyi ve HCV genotipi ile serum ALT seviyeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif çalışmada, Ordu Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinde Mayıs 2021 ile Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasında HCV'ye bağlı kronik karaciğer hastalığı tanısı konulan hastaların sonuçları analiz edildi. HCV genotipleme, üreticinin talimatları doğrultusunda Bosphore HCV Genotyping Kit v5 (Anatolia Geneworks, Türkiye) kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Serum ALT düzeyleri elektrokemilüminesans immünoassay yöntemi (Cobas e 601, Roche, Almanya) kullanılarak ölçüldü.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 219 HCV-RNA pozitif hasta dahil edildi. Tüm hastaların 125'i (%57,1) kadın, 94'ü (%42,9) erkekti. Genotip dağılımına bakıldığında 200 hastanın (%91,3) genotip 1b, 9 hastanın (%4,1) genotip 1a, 7 hastanın (%3,2) genotip 3, 2 hastanın (%0,9) genotip 1 ve 1 hastanın (%0,5) genotip 4 olduğu görüldü. Toplam 9 hastanın serum ALT seviyesi 40 IU/L'nin üzerindeydi.
Sonuç: Genotip 1b hastalarımız arasında en sık tespit edilen genotip olmaya devam etmekte olup, Genotip 3'ün yaygınlığı yıllar içinde değişmiştir. Genotip 1 ile enfekte olan hastalar ile diğer genotipler arasında serum ALT düzeyleri, ortalama yaş ve cinsiyet dağılımı açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Ordu Üniversitesi Araştırma Enstitüsü Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (270/10.11.2023).

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışmanın hiçbir mali destek almadığını beyan etmişlerdir.

Thanks

Yok

References

  • Roger S, Ducancelle A, Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Gaudy C, Lunel F. HCV virology and diagnosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(3):101626.
  • Ferri S, Muratori L, Lenzi M, Granito A, Bianchi FB, Vergani D. HCV and autoimmunity. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(17):1678-85.
  • Nahon P, Cobat A. Human genetics of HCV infection phenotypes in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Hum Genet. Haziran 2020;139(6-7):855-63.
  • Nutini MFR, Hunter J, Giron L, Pires AFNPC, Kohiyama IM, Camargo M, et al. HCV genotype profile in Brazil of mono-infected and HIV co-infected individuals: A survey representative of an entire country. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227082.
  • Hajarizadeh B, Lamoury FM, Feld JJ, Amin J, Keoshkerian E, et al. Alanine aminotransferase, HCV RNA levels and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines/chemokines during acute hepatitis C virus infection. Virol J. Aralık 2016;13(1):32.
  • Sakagishi Y. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Nihon Rinsho Jpn J Clin Med. 1995;53(5):1146-50.
  • Kanda T, Matsumoto N, Ishii T, Arima S, Shibuya S, Honda M, et al. Chronic hepatitis C: Acute exacerbation and alanine aminotransferase flare. Viruses. 2023;15(1):183.
  • Baharlou R, Romani B, Kiani SJ, Sadeghi K, Shadmand E, Fazel H, et al. Genotype-related variations in proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels in treated and treatment-naive HCV-infected patients. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 2018;207(1):65-74.
  • Akduman E. Manisa Bölgesinde Hepatit C Virus Genotiplerinin Dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009;43:613-8.
  • Guntipalli P, Pakala R, Kumari Gara S, Ahmed F, Bhatnagar A, Endaya Coronel MK, et al. Worldwide prevalence, genotype distribution and management of hepatitis C. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2021;84(4):637-56.
  • Ünal N, Bayık SA, Erdem F, Küçükcan A. Updated Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution In Adana, Turkey And An Investigation Of The Association Between Genotype And Viral RNA Load. ACTA MEDICA Mediterr. 2021;37(6):3303-8.
  • Daloğlu E. Damar İçi Madde Bağımlılığı Olan ve Madde Bağımlısı Olmayan Hastalar Arasında Hepatit C Virus Genotiplerinin Dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2021;55(1):30-40.
  • Borcak D, Çağır Ü, Yalçıner A. Nevşehir İlinde Hepatit C Virüs Genotip Dağılımı İle Serum Alanin Aminotransferaz Ve Kantitatif Serum HCV RNA Düzeyleri İlişkisi. Ankem Derg. 2015;29(1):36-40.
  • Bulut ME, Topalca US, Murat A, Teke L, Canalp HZ, Ocal M, et al. HCV genotype distribution of patients with chronic hepatitis C in İstanbul. Şişli Etfal Hastan Tip Bül. 2021;55(1):86-92.
  • Bulut D, Sayar MS. The Genotype of Hepatitis C Distribution in Van and Evaluation of the predicted Risks For Transmission. Van Med J. 30(4):332-8.
  • Çetin DA, Kibar F, Çetiner S, Yaman A. Determination of Hepatitis C virus genotype and HCV infection transmission routes in Çukurova University Medical Faculty Hospital. Turk Bull Hyg Exp Biol. 2017;74(3):201-10.
  • Harman R, Günal Ö, Özger S. Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C in Gaziantep Province. KLIMIK J. 2017;30(2):68-71.
  • Tüzüner U, Saran Gülcen B, Özdemir M, Feyzioğlu B, Baykan M. Seven-year genotype distribution among hepatitis C patients in a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. 2018;24(1):12-7.
  • Genç S, Uğur M, Karagöz E, Avcı Çiçek E. Giresun İli Hepatit C Hastalarında Genotip Dağılımının Araştırılması. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalık Ve Klin Mikrobiyoloji Derg. 2020;25(4):549-54.
  • Alaçam S, Bakır A, Karataş A. Hepatitis C virus genotypes and viremia in a tertiary hospital in İstanbul, Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(04):668-74.
  • Arıcı N, Kansak N, Adaleti R, Aksaray S, Ankaralı H. Yerli Ve Yabancı Kronik Hepatit C Hastalarında HCV Genotiplerinin Dağılımı: Altı Yıllık Değerlendirme. ANKEM Derg. 2022;36(3):101-7.
  • Çabalak M, Bal T, Demir M, Ocak S, Önlen Y. Genotype distribution of Hepatitis C virus in Hatay province of Turkey. 2020;26(2): 56-60.
  • Öz S, Köroğlu M, Özbek A, Demi̇ray T, Karabay O, Trak G, et al. Sakarya İlinde Hepatit C Virüs Genotip Dağılımı; Üç Yıllık Retrospektif Çalışma. Online Türk Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2019;4(4):444-53.
  • Özkaya E, Buruk CK, Aydın F, Kaklıkkaya N, Baran I, Tosun İ. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes: 18-year experience in an academic center. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2021;27(3):118.
  • Cirit OS, Mızraklı AU, Vurupalmaz Y, Gümüş HH, Özturhan H, Barış A. Genotyping distribution of hepatitis C virus in Şanlıurfa province and effect of Syrian patients. 2019;25(2): 62-6.
  • Kuru C, Hamidi AA. Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus and demographic features of the patients in the province of Karabük. Viral Hepat J. 2020;26(3):163-6.
  • Tiryaki Y, Duran AÇ, Osman OÖ. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Aydın Province. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2018;24(3):70.
  • Çalgın MK, Çetinkol Y. Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Ordu province. J Clin Anal Med. 2019;10:372-5.
  • Çizmeci Z. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. 2016;46(1): 27-32.
  • Selek MB, Baylan O, Karagöz E, Özyurt M. Changes in hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in chronic hepatitis C infection patients. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(3):416-21.
  • Tezcan S, Ulger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altıntaş E, Sezgin O, et al. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Mersin province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(2):332-8.
  • Duran AÇ, Çetinkaya ÖK, Sayıner AA, Şeydaoğlu G, Özkarataş E, Abacıoğlu H. Changes on Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Western Turkey: Evaluation of twelve-year data. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020;31(2):128.
  • Kirişçi Ö, Çalışkan A, Koçtürk SA, Erdoğmuş P, Gül M. Kahramanmaraş ili hepatit C virüs ile enfekte bireylerde genotip dağılımı ve genotipin HCV-RNA yükü ve ALT-AST ilişkisi. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2013;19(2):67-70.
  • Özkara S, Tosun I, Sarı B, Kılıç G, Aker FV, Sezikli M, et al. The correlation of serum transaminase values with fibrosis staging and necroinflammatory activity scores in chronic hepatitis. Turk Klin J Med Sci. 2011;31(1):68-74.

Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1554814

Abstract

Aim: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem worldwide and leads to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genotype 1, the most common genotype worldwide, usually requires longer and more complex treatment regimens compared to other genotypes. HCV infection is closely associated with changes in liver enzyme levels, especially alanine aminotransferase (ALT). This study aims to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes in chronic HCV patients and to investigate the relationship between HCV genotype and serum ALT levels.
Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, the outcomes of patients diagnosed with chronic liver disease due to HCV at Ordu University Medical Faculty, Education and Research Hospital between May 2021 and October 2023 were analyzed. HCV genotyping was performed using the Bosphore HCV Genotyping Kit v5 (Anatolia Geneworks, Türkiye) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serum ALT levels were measured using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method (Cobas e 601, Roche, Germany).
Results: A total of 219 HCV-RNA positive patients were included in the study. Of all patients, 125 (57.1%) were female and 94 (42.9%) were male. When genotype distribution was examined, it was seen that 200 patients (91.3%) had genotype 1b, 9 patients (4.1%) had genotype 1a, 7 patients (3.2%) had genotype 3, 2 patients (0.9%) had genotype 1, and 1 patient (0.5%) had genotype 4. A total of 9 patients had serum ALT levels above 40 IU/L.
Conclusion: Genotype 1b remains the most frequently detected genotype among our patients, while the prevalence of Genotype 3 has changed over the years. No significant differences were found in serum ALT levels, mean age, and gender distribution between patients infected with Genotype 1 and other genotypes.

Ethical Statement

This study is approved by Ordu University Institution's Clinical Research Ethics Committee (270/10.11.2023).

Supporting Institution

The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

References

  • Roger S, Ducancelle A, Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Gaudy C, Lunel F. HCV virology and diagnosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(3):101626.
  • Ferri S, Muratori L, Lenzi M, Granito A, Bianchi FB, Vergani D. HCV and autoimmunity. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(17):1678-85.
  • Nahon P, Cobat A. Human genetics of HCV infection phenotypes in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Hum Genet. Haziran 2020;139(6-7):855-63.
  • Nutini MFR, Hunter J, Giron L, Pires AFNPC, Kohiyama IM, Camargo M, et al. HCV genotype profile in Brazil of mono-infected and HIV co-infected individuals: A survey representative of an entire country. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227082.
  • Hajarizadeh B, Lamoury FM, Feld JJ, Amin J, Keoshkerian E, et al. Alanine aminotransferase, HCV RNA levels and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines/chemokines during acute hepatitis C virus infection. Virol J. Aralık 2016;13(1):32.
  • Sakagishi Y. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Nihon Rinsho Jpn J Clin Med. 1995;53(5):1146-50.
  • Kanda T, Matsumoto N, Ishii T, Arima S, Shibuya S, Honda M, et al. Chronic hepatitis C: Acute exacerbation and alanine aminotransferase flare. Viruses. 2023;15(1):183.
  • Baharlou R, Romani B, Kiani SJ, Sadeghi K, Shadmand E, Fazel H, et al. Genotype-related variations in proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels in treated and treatment-naive HCV-infected patients. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 2018;207(1):65-74.
  • Akduman E. Manisa Bölgesinde Hepatit C Virus Genotiplerinin Dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009;43:613-8.
  • Guntipalli P, Pakala R, Kumari Gara S, Ahmed F, Bhatnagar A, Endaya Coronel MK, et al. Worldwide prevalence, genotype distribution and management of hepatitis C. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2021;84(4):637-56.
  • Ünal N, Bayık SA, Erdem F, Küçükcan A. Updated Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution In Adana, Turkey And An Investigation Of The Association Between Genotype And Viral RNA Load. ACTA MEDICA Mediterr. 2021;37(6):3303-8.
  • Daloğlu E. Damar İçi Madde Bağımlılığı Olan ve Madde Bağımlısı Olmayan Hastalar Arasında Hepatit C Virus Genotiplerinin Dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2021;55(1):30-40.
  • Borcak D, Çağır Ü, Yalçıner A. Nevşehir İlinde Hepatit C Virüs Genotip Dağılımı İle Serum Alanin Aminotransferaz Ve Kantitatif Serum HCV RNA Düzeyleri İlişkisi. Ankem Derg. 2015;29(1):36-40.
  • Bulut ME, Topalca US, Murat A, Teke L, Canalp HZ, Ocal M, et al. HCV genotype distribution of patients with chronic hepatitis C in İstanbul. Şişli Etfal Hastan Tip Bül. 2021;55(1):86-92.
  • Bulut D, Sayar MS. The Genotype of Hepatitis C Distribution in Van and Evaluation of the predicted Risks For Transmission. Van Med J. 30(4):332-8.
  • Çetin DA, Kibar F, Çetiner S, Yaman A. Determination of Hepatitis C virus genotype and HCV infection transmission routes in Çukurova University Medical Faculty Hospital. Turk Bull Hyg Exp Biol. 2017;74(3):201-10.
  • Harman R, Günal Ö, Özger S. Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C in Gaziantep Province. KLIMIK J. 2017;30(2):68-71.
  • Tüzüner U, Saran Gülcen B, Özdemir M, Feyzioğlu B, Baykan M. Seven-year genotype distribution among hepatitis C patients in a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. 2018;24(1):12-7.
  • Genç S, Uğur M, Karagöz E, Avcı Çiçek E. Giresun İli Hepatit C Hastalarında Genotip Dağılımının Araştırılması. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalık Ve Klin Mikrobiyoloji Derg. 2020;25(4):549-54.
  • Alaçam S, Bakır A, Karataş A. Hepatitis C virus genotypes and viremia in a tertiary hospital in İstanbul, Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(04):668-74.
  • Arıcı N, Kansak N, Adaleti R, Aksaray S, Ankaralı H. Yerli Ve Yabancı Kronik Hepatit C Hastalarında HCV Genotiplerinin Dağılımı: Altı Yıllık Değerlendirme. ANKEM Derg. 2022;36(3):101-7.
  • Çabalak M, Bal T, Demir M, Ocak S, Önlen Y. Genotype distribution of Hepatitis C virus in Hatay province of Turkey. 2020;26(2): 56-60.
  • Öz S, Köroğlu M, Özbek A, Demi̇ray T, Karabay O, Trak G, et al. Sakarya İlinde Hepatit C Virüs Genotip Dağılımı; Üç Yıllık Retrospektif Çalışma. Online Türk Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2019;4(4):444-53.
  • Özkaya E, Buruk CK, Aydın F, Kaklıkkaya N, Baran I, Tosun İ. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes: 18-year experience in an academic center. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2021;27(3):118.
  • Cirit OS, Mızraklı AU, Vurupalmaz Y, Gümüş HH, Özturhan H, Barış A. Genotyping distribution of hepatitis C virus in Şanlıurfa province and effect of Syrian patients. 2019;25(2): 62-6.
  • Kuru C, Hamidi AA. Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus and demographic features of the patients in the province of Karabük. Viral Hepat J. 2020;26(3):163-6.
  • Tiryaki Y, Duran AÇ, Osman OÖ. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Aydın Province. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2018;24(3):70.
  • Çalgın MK, Çetinkol Y. Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Ordu province. J Clin Anal Med. 2019;10:372-5.
  • Çizmeci Z. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. 2016;46(1): 27-32.
  • Selek MB, Baylan O, Karagöz E, Özyurt M. Changes in hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in chronic hepatitis C infection patients. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(3):416-21.
  • Tezcan S, Ulger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altıntaş E, Sezgin O, et al. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Mersin province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(2):332-8.
  • Duran AÇ, Çetinkaya ÖK, Sayıner AA, Şeydaoğlu G, Özkarataş E, Abacıoğlu H. Changes on Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Western Turkey: Evaluation of twelve-year data. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020;31(2):128.
  • Kirişçi Ö, Çalışkan A, Koçtürk SA, Erdoğmuş P, Gül M. Kahramanmaraş ili hepatit C virüs ile enfekte bireylerde genotip dağılımı ve genotipin HCV-RNA yükü ve ALT-AST ilişkisi. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2013;19(2):67-70.
  • Özkara S, Tosun I, Sarı B, Kılıç G, Aker FV, Sezikli M, et al. The correlation of serum transaminase values with fibrosis staging and necroinflammatory activity scores in chronic hepatitis. Turk Klin J Med Sci. 2011;31(1):68-74.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Microbiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hacer Özlem Kalaycı 0000-0003-2358-6764

Mustafa Kerem Çalgın 0000-0003-4236-6177

Hüseyin Erdal 0000-0003-0786-5077

Ahmet Burak Gürpınar 0000-0003-3227-4682

Publication Date March 25, 2025
Submission Date September 23, 2024
Acceptance Date January 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kalaycı, H. Ö., Çalgın, M. K., Erdal, H., Gürpınar, A. B. (2025). Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 16(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1554814
AMA Kalaycı HÖ, Çalgın MK, Erdal H, Gürpınar AB. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province. TJCL. March 2025;16(1):1-6. doi:10.18663/tjcl.1554814
Chicago Kalaycı, Hacer Özlem, Mustafa Kerem Çalgın, Hüseyin Erdal, and Ahmet Burak Gürpınar. “Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Ordu Province”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16, no. 1 (March 2025): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1554814.
EndNote Kalaycı HÖ, Çalgın MK, Erdal H, Gürpınar AB (March 1, 2025) Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16 1 1–6.
IEEE H. Ö. Kalaycı, M. K. Çalgın, H. Erdal, and A. B. Gürpınar, “Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province”, TJCL, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2025, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.1554814.
ISNAD Kalaycı, Hacer Özlem et al. “Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Ordu Province”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16/1 (March 2025), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1554814.
JAMA Kalaycı HÖ, Çalgın MK, Erdal H, Gürpınar AB. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province. TJCL. 2025;16:1–6.
MLA Kalaycı, Hacer Özlem et al. “Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Ordu Province”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025, pp. 1-6, doi:10.18663/tjcl.1554814.
Vancouver Kalaycı HÖ, Çalgın MK, Erdal H, Gürpınar AB. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Ordu province. TJCL. 2025;16(1):1-6.


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