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Enterococcal Bacteremia: The Resistance Profile and Prognostic Impact of E. faecium and E. faecalis Over the Past 5 Years

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 131 - 139, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1604966

Abstract

Aim: The frequency and mortality of enterococcal bacteremias have been increasing in recent years. In our study, we aimed to contribute to empirical treatments and patient follow-up and to guide future studies by investigating changes in resistance to antimicrobials in enterococcal bacteremia in the last five years and risk factors that may affect the development of mortality.
Material and Methods: Enterococcal bacteremias in people over 18 years of age were investigated cross-sectionally and retrospectively between 2020 and 2024. Demographic data, comorbidities, clinical findings, laboratory results, infection foci, invasive interventions performed, agent distribution, and prognosis of the patients were investigated and analyzed in the SPSS-25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), program.
Results: Of the 279 patients with enterococcal bacteremia, 50.2% were female. The most common agent was E. faecium %57, and the average age was 66.3 ± 16.2 years. E. faecium was seen at younger ages, in surgical departments, and as secondary, healthcare related (p<0.05). Intraabdominal and abscess foci were frequent. Resistance to antibiotics was higher in E. faecium than other factors (p < 0.05). E. faecalis was more community-acquired and primary-focused, catheter-related bloodstream infection and endocarditis were more frequent, and antibiotic resistance rates were lower (p< 0.05). Mortality was determined as 74.5%.
Conclusions: Enterococcal bacteremias are frequently healthcare related infections that occur in older ages and have high mortality rates. Since antibiotic resistance and interventions increase mortality, antimicrobial management studies, control of comorbidities, infection foci, and avoidance of unnecessary invasive interventions are thought to be important in protecting against enterococcal bacteremia.

References

  • William R. Miller, Cesar A. Arias, and Barbara E. Murray. Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species. In: John E Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J Blaser, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectıous Disease. 9th ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2020:2492-2504.
  • Scharloo F, Cogliati Dezza F, López-Hernández I, Martínez Pérez-Crespo PM, Goikoetxea Aguirre AJ, Pérez-Rodríguez MT et al. Clinical characteristics, predisposing factors and outcomes for Enterococcus faecalis versus Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024;43:2011-2022.
  • Suzuki H, Hase R, Otsuka Y, Hosokawa N. A 10-year profile of enterococcal bloodstream infections at a tertiary-care hospital in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2017;23:390–3.
  • Rogers R, Rice LB. State-of-the-Art Review: Persistent Enterococcal Bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2024;78:1–11.
  • Rosselli Del Turco E, Bartoletti M, Dahl A, Cervera C, Pericàs JM. How do I manage a patient with enterococcal bacteremia? Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:364-371.
  • Jafari S, Abdollahi A, Sabahi M, Salehi M, Asadollahi-Amin A, Hasannezhad M, Seif Ai. An Update to Enterococcal Bacteremia: Epidemiology, Resistance, and Outcome. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022 (doi: 10.2174/1871526520999201103191829).
  • Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Ağı (USHİESA) Özet Raporu, 2023. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 2024.1-42. (Erişim 07.01.2025). Erişim linki https:// hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/bulasici-hastaliklar-ve-erken-uyari-db/Dokumanlar/Raporlar/ USHIESA _ özet_ raporu _ 2022.pdf
  • Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Ağı, Etken Dağılımı ve Direnç Raporu 2022. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar ve Erken Uyarı Dairesi Başkanlığı. 2023.1-34. (Erişim 07.01.2025). Erişim linki https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/bulasici-hastaliklar-ve-erken-uyari-db/ Dokumanlar /Raporlar/etken_dağılımı_ve_direnç_2022_rapor-v2.pdf
  • Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2023 - 2021 data. The Central Asian and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (CAESAR) network and the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) in 2022 (data referring to 2021). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and World Health Organization; Stockholm: 2023. 1-186.
  • Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti ile İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Tanı Rehberi 2024. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 2024.1-42 (Erişim tarihi 13.01.2025, erişim linki: https:// hsgm. saglik.gov.tr/ depo/ birimler/ bulasici- hastaliklar -ve- erken-uyari-db/Dokumanlar/Rehberler/Ulusal_Saglik_Hizmeti_ile_Iliskili_Enfeksiyonlar_Surveyans_Tani_Rehberi_2024.pdf)
  • National Healthcare Safety Network. CDC/NHSN Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections. January 2021 [İnternet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC [erişim 31 Mart 2021].https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/17pscnosinfdef_current.pdf.
  • Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, Waha S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3948-4042.
  • Fowler Jr VG, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2023;77:518-526.
  • Charlson ME, Carrozzino D, Guidi J, Patierno C. Charlson Comorbidity Index: A Critical Review of Clinometric Properties. Psychother Psychosom 2022;91:8-35.
  • Battle SE, Augustine MR, Watson CM, et al. Derivation of a quick Pitt bacteremia score to predict mortality in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infection. Infection 2019;47:571-578.
  • Poll T, Willem JW. Sepsis and Septic Shock. In: John E Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J Blaser, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectıous Disease. 9th ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia 2020:990-1008.
  • Pinholt M, Ostergaard C, April M, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteremia in Denmark 2006–2009: a population-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:145-151.
  • Sarı N, Erol Ç, Hızel K. Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde santral venöz kateter ilişkili kan dolaşımı infeksiyonu sıklığı, mikrobiyolojik etkenleri, antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları ve risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. Turk J Clin Lab 2021;4:404-408.
  • Kramer TS, Remschmidt C, Werner S, et al. The importance of adjusting for enterococcus species when assessing the burden of vancomycin resistance: a cohort study including over 1000 cases of enterococcal bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018 (doi.10.1186/s13756-018-0419-9).
  • Bhatti JM, Raza SA, Alam A, et al. Antibiotic choices among healthcare professionals for enterococcal bacteremia with patterns of resistance and risk factors of mortality, in settings of poor antibiotic stewardship program - a five-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2023;23:514-520.
  • Muff S, Hebeisen U, Timsit JF, Mermel L, Harbarth S, Buetti N. Treatment duration of enterococcal intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:491-492.
  • Sarı N, Karaçağlar E, Ateş E, et al.Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Üç Yıllık İnfektif Endokardit Ekibi Deneyimi. Klimik Dergisi 2023;36:216-25.
  • Dahl A, Iversen K, Tonder N, et al. Enterococcus faecalis bakteriyemisinde enfeksiyöz endokarditin yaygınlığı. ve diğerleri. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:193–201.
  • European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 10.0, valid from 2020-01-01 [İnternet]. Basel, Switzerland: EUCAST [erişim 31 Mart 2021]. https:// www.eucast.org/ clinical _ breakpoints /.
  • Contreras GA, Munita JM, Simar, et al. Contemporary Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (VENOUS I). Open Forum Infect Dis 2022 (doi.10.1093/ofid/ofab616)
  • Giacobbe DR, Labate L, Tutino S, et al. Enterococcal bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a case series. Ann Med 2021;53:1779-1786.
  • Echeverria-Esnal D, Sorli L, Navarrete-Rouco ME, et al. Ampicillin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: a clinical narrative review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023;21:759-775.
  • Cheriyath P, Prasad A, Patel P, et al. Measuring Epidemiologic Effects of Enterococcal Bacteremia and Outcomes From a Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database 2022 (doi: 10.7759/cureus.27516).
  • Suzuki H, Hase R, Otsuka Y, Hosokawa N. A 10-year profile of enterococcal bloodstream infections at a tertiary-care hospital in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2017;23:390–3.

Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 131 - 139, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1604966

Abstract

Amaç: Son yıllarda enterokok bakteriyemilerinin sıklığı ve mortaliteleri artmaktadır. Çalışmamızda enterokok bakteriyemilerinde son beş yıllık antimikrobiyallere direnç değişimleri, mortalite gelişimine etkisi olabilecek risk faktörleri araştırılarak, ampirik tedavilere ve hasta izlemlerine katkı sağlamak, ilerde yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterici olabilmek amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: 2020-2024 tarihleri arasında 18 yaş üzeri enterokok bakteriyemileri kesitsel ve retrospektif olarak araştırılmıştır. Hastaların demografik verileri, komorbiditeleri, klinik bulguları, laboratuvar sonuçları, enfeksiyon odakları, yapılan invazif girişimler, etken dağılımları ve prognoz araştırılarak, SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) programında analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: 279 enterokok bakteriyemisinin, 140’ı (%50.2) kadın hastaydı. En sık etken E. faecium 161 (%57.7), yaş ortalaması 66.3±16.2 saptandı. E. faecium bakteriyemisi daha genç yaşlarda, cerrahi bölümlerde, sekonder kaynaklı, sağlık hizmeti ilişkili olarak görülmekteydi (p<0.05). Intraabdominal ve apse odakları sıktı. Antibiyotiklere direnç durumu E. faecium’ da diğer etkenlere göre yüksekti (p<0.05). E. faecalis bakteriyemisi ise daha çok toplum kaynaklı, primer odaklıydı. Kateter ilişkili kan dolaşımı enfeksiyonu ve endokardit daha sık, antibiyotiklere direnç oranları daha düşüktü (p<0.05). Mortalite %74.5 olarak saptandı. Sekonder bakteriyemiler, immünosüpresyon, malignite, COVID-19, hipoalbuminemi varlığı, perkütan endoskopik gastrostomi, nasogastrik sonda, idrar sondası, trakeostomi, mekanik ventilasyon gibi girişimler, antibioyotiklere direnç, YBÜ’de yatış, SIRS, sepsis varlığında mortalite yüksek saptandı. Pitt bakteriyemi skoru ve Charlson komorbidite indeksi ortalamaları da mortal seyredenlerde daha yüksekti (p<0.05).
Sonuçlar: Enterokok bakteriyemileri ileri yaşlarda görülen, sıklıkla sağlık hizmeti ilişkili enfeksiyonlardır ve mortalite oranları yüksektir. Antibiyotik direncinin ve yapılan girişimlerin mortaliteyi artırması nedeni ile antimikrobiyal yönetim çalışmalarının, komorbiditelerin, enfeksiyon odaklarının kontrolünün, gereksiz invazif girişimlerden kaçınılmasının enterokok bakteriyemilerinden korunmada önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp ve Sağlık Bilimleri Araştırma kurulu tarafından KA24/452 proje numarası ile onaylanmıştır

Supporting Institution

Başkent Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonunca desteklenmiştir

References

  • William R. Miller, Cesar A. Arias, and Barbara E. Murray. Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species. In: John E Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J Blaser, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectıous Disease. 9th ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2020:2492-2504.
  • Scharloo F, Cogliati Dezza F, López-Hernández I, Martínez Pérez-Crespo PM, Goikoetxea Aguirre AJ, Pérez-Rodríguez MT et al. Clinical characteristics, predisposing factors and outcomes for Enterococcus faecalis versus Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024;43:2011-2022.
  • Suzuki H, Hase R, Otsuka Y, Hosokawa N. A 10-year profile of enterococcal bloodstream infections at a tertiary-care hospital in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2017;23:390–3.
  • Rogers R, Rice LB. State-of-the-Art Review: Persistent Enterococcal Bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2024;78:1–11.
  • Rosselli Del Turco E, Bartoletti M, Dahl A, Cervera C, Pericàs JM. How do I manage a patient with enterococcal bacteremia? Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:364-371.
  • Jafari S, Abdollahi A, Sabahi M, Salehi M, Asadollahi-Amin A, Hasannezhad M, Seif Ai. An Update to Enterococcal Bacteremia: Epidemiology, Resistance, and Outcome. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022 (doi: 10.2174/1871526520999201103191829).
  • Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Ağı (USHİESA) Özet Raporu, 2023. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 2024.1-42. (Erişim 07.01.2025). Erişim linki https:// hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/bulasici-hastaliklar-ve-erken-uyari-db/Dokumanlar/Raporlar/ USHIESA _ özet_ raporu _ 2022.pdf
  • Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Ağı, Etken Dağılımı ve Direnç Raporu 2022. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar ve Erken Uyarı Dairesi Başkanlığı. 2023.1-34. (Erişim 07.01.2025). Erişim linki https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/bulasici-hastaliklar-ve-erken-uyari-db/ Dokumanlar /Raporlar/etken_dağılımı_ve_direnç_2022_rapor-v2.pdf
  • Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2023 - 2021 data. The Central Asian and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (CAESAR) network and the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) in 2022 (data referring to 2021). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and World Health Organization; Stockholm: 2023. 1-186.
  • Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti ile İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Tanı Rehberi 2024. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 2024.1-42 (Erişim tarihi 13.01.2025, erişim linki: https:// hsgm. saglik.gov.tr/ depo/ birimler/ bulasici- hastaliklar -ve- erken-uyari-db/Dokumanlar/Rehberler/Ulusal_Saglik_Hizmeti_ile_Iliskili_Enfeksiyonlar_Surveyans_Tani_Rehberi_2024.pdf)
  • National Healthcare Safety Network. CDC/NHSN Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections. January 2021 [İnternet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC [erişim 31 Mart 2021].https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/17pscnosinfdef_current.pdf.
  • Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, Waha S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3948-4042.
  • Fowler Jr VG, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2023;77:518-526.
  • Charlson ME, Carrozzino D, Guidi J, Patierno C. Charlson Comorbidity Index: A Critical Review of Clinometric Properties. Psychother Psychosom 2022;91:8-35.
  • Battle SE, Augustine MR, Watson CM, et al. Derivation of a quick Pitt bacteremia score to predict mortality in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infection. Infection 2019;47:571-578.
  • Poll T, Willem JW. Sepsis and Septic Shock. In: John E Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J Blaser, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectıous Disease. 9th ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia 2020:990-1008.
  • Pinholt M, Ostergaard C, April M, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteremia in Denmark 2006–2009: a population-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:145-151.
  • Sarı N, Erol Ç, Hızel K. Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde santral venöz kateter ilişkili kan dolaşımı infeksiyonu sıklığı, mikrobiyolojik etkenleri, antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları ve risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. Turk J Clin Lab 2021;4:404-408.
  • Kramer TS, Remschmidt C, Werner S, et al. The importance of adjusting for enterococcus species when assessing the burden of vancomycin resistance: a cohort study including over 1000 cases of enterococcal bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018 (doi.10.1186/s13756-018-0419-9).
  • Bhatti JM, Raza SA, Alam A, et al. Antibiotic choices among healthcare professionals for enterococcal bacteremia with patterns of resistance and risk factors of mortality, in settings of poor antibiotic stewardship program - a five-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2023;23:514-520.
  • Muff S, Hebeisen U, Timsit JF, Mermel L, Harbarth S, Buetti N. Treatment duration of enterococcal intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:491-492.
  • Sarı N, Karaçağlar E, Ateş E, et al.Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Üç Yıllık İnfektif Endokardit Ekibi Deneyimi. Klimik Dergisi 2023;36:216-25.
  • Dahl A, Iversen K, Tonder N, et al. Enterococcus faecalis bakteriyemisinde enfeksiyöz endokarditin yaygınlığı. ve diğerleri. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:193–201.
  • European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 10.0, valid from 2020-01-01 [İnternet]. Basel, Switzerland: EUCAST [erişim 31 Mart 2021]. https:// www.eucast.org/ clinical _ breakpoints /.
  • Contreras GA, Munita JM, Simar, et al. Contemporary Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (VENOUS I). Open Forum Infect Dis 2022 (doi.10.1093/ofid/ofab616)
  • Giacobbe DR, Labate L, Tutino S, et al. Enterococcal bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a case series. Ann Med 2021;53:1779-1786.
  • Echeverria-Esnal D, Sorli L, Navarrete-Rouco ME, et al. Ampicillin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: a clinical narrative review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023;21:759-775.
  • Cheriyath P, Prasad A, Patel P, et al. Measuring Epidemiologic Effects of Enterococcal Bacteremia and Outcomes From a Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database 2022 (doi: 10.7759/cureus.27516).
  • Suzuki H, Hase R, Otsuka Y, Hosokawa N. A 10-year profile of enterococcal bloodstream infections at a tertiary-care hospital in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2017;23:390–3.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Infectious Diseases
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nuran Sarı 0000-0002-3165-4520

Nurefşan Tuba Kurt 0009-0007-5954-5055

Ayşe Hande Arslan This is me 0000-0002-5708-7915

Özlem Azap 0000-0002-3171-8926

Publication Date March 25, 2025
Submission Date January 30, 2025
Acceptance Date March 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sarı, N., Kurt, N. T., Arslan, A. H., Azap, Ö. (2025). Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 16(1), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1604966
AMA Sarı N, Kurt NT, Arslan AH, Azap Ö. Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi. TJCL. March 2025;16(1):131-139. doi:10.18663/tjcl.1604966
Chicago Sarı, Nuran, Nurefşan Tuba Kurt, Ayşe Hande Arslan, and Özlem Azap. “Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. Faecium Ve E. Faecalis’ in Direnç Profili Ve Prognoza Etkisi”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16, no. 1 (March 2025): 131-39. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1604966.
EndNote Sarı N, Kurt NT, Arslan AH, Azap Ö (March 1, 2025) Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16 1 131–139.
IEEE N. Sarı, N. T. Kurt, A. H. Arslan, and Ö. Azap, “Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi”, TJCL, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 131–139, 2025, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.1604966.
ISNAD Sarı, Nuran et al. “Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. Faecium Ve E. Faecalis’ in Direnç Profili Ve Prognoza Etkisi”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16/1 (March 2025), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1604966.
JAMA Sarı N, Kurt NT, Arslan AH, Azap Ö. Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi. TJCL. 2025;16:131–139.
MLA Sarı, Nuran et al. “Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. Faecium Ve E. Faecalis’ in Direnç Profili Ve Prognoza Etkisi”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025, pp. 131-9, doi:10.18663/tjcl.1604966.
Vancouver Sarı N, Kurt NT, Arslan AH, Azap Ö. Enterokok Bakteriyemileri: Son 5 Yılda E. faecium ve E. faecalis’ in Direnç Profili ve Prognoza Etkisi. TJCL. 2025;16(1):131-9.


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