Güneybatı Türkiye'de yaşlı meşe ormanında (Quercus spp.) kuşların habitat kullanımı

Abstract

Arazi kullanımındaki değişiklikler nedeniyle Doğu Akdeniz Havzası’nda yer alan mera niteliği de taşıyan ormanlar hızla yok olmaktadır. Geleneksel tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyetlerden keçi yetiştiriciliği ve yemlik dal yararlanması, bu sahalarda yer alan ağaçların yaşlanarak uzun yıllarca hayatta kalmasını sağlayarak biyolojik çeşitlilik için son derece değerli habitatlar yaratmıştır. Korunması gereken bu habitatlar için etkili ve uygulanabilir yönetim planlarının geliştirilmesi, habitat yapısı ve ona bağlı türler arasındaki ilişkileri tanımlamayı hedefleyen çalışmaları gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin güneybatısında yer alan yaşlı bir meşe ormanında transekt yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen habitat envanterlerinden elde edilen veriler kullanılarak, habitat yapısı ile kuş türü çeşitliliği arasındaki ilişkiler detaylı bir ölçekte ele alınmıştır. Genellikle sahada tespit edilen kuş türlerinin yoğunluğunun; ağacın gövde büyüklüğü, göğüs yüzeyi veya sıklığın artmasıyla doğru orantılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yerde yuvalanan kuş türlerinin çeşitliliği üzerinde ağaçların göğüs yüzeyi artışı ile nispeten pozitif bir ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiş; çalı ve ağaççık yoğunluğundaki artışın, alçak seviyelerde yuvalanan kuş türleri üzerinde olumlu, ancak yüksek seviyelerde yuvalanan kuş türleri açısından olumsuz bir etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Oyuk ve kovuklarda ikincil olarak yuvalanan kuş türlerinin, küçük gövde oyuklarının yoğunluğu ile herhangi bir olumlu ya da olumsuz ilişkisine rastlanmazken, göğüs yüzeyi artışı ile olumlu bir ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, oyuk ve kovuklarda birincil olarak yuvalanan kuş türlerinin daha büyük oyuklara sahip ağaçları tercih ettiği görülmüştür. Ancak bu durum muhtemelen bu ağaçların diğer olumlu özelliklerinden de kaynaklanmış olabilir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, üzerinde az sayıda çalışma yapılmış ancak, tür çeşitliliği bakımndan zengin olan ve işletilen Akdeniz ekosistemlerindeki kuş topluluklarının yapısı ve dağılımı hakkında önemli bilgiler vermektedir.

Keywords

• Topluluk,Koruma,Orman,Birlik,Yönetim

Fine-scale habitat utilization by birds in an ancient oak (Quercus spp.) wood-pasture in southwestern Turkey

Abstract

Wood-pastures are disappearing rapidly in the eastern Mediterranean basin due to changes in land use. Traditional farming by means of goat husbandry and pollarding has allowed many trees to become old, creating valuable habitats for biodiversity. Developing viable management schemes for habitats of conservation concern require studies aiming at identifying relationships between habitat structure and associated species. In this study, the associations between habitat structure and bird species diversity were studied on a fine scale, using data obtained from transect inventories in an oak wood-pasture in southwestern Turkey. Almost all species were most abundant where trunk size, basal area or tree density peaked. Diversity of ground-nesters was slightly and positively associated with an increase in basal area. Low canopy-nesters were positively associated with an increase in shrub density, whereas there was a negative association for high canopy-nesters. Secondary cavity-nesters were unrelated to the density of small trunk cavities but exhibited a positive association with basal area of trees. Contrarily, primary cavity-nesters preferred trees with larger cavities, although this was most likely due to the presence of other desirable attributes of the very same trees. The results of this study give important insights to the structural and spatial organization of bird assemblages in a little studied but rich, culturally managed ecosystem in the Mediterranean.

Keywords

• Assemblage,Conservation,Forest,Guilds,Management

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