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Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle)

Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 226 - 232, 30.09.2018

Sevgin Özderin , Ferah Yılmaz Hakan Allı

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.435372
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Truffle cultivation is important because it has contributions to tourism as well as other sectors and is a significant activity especially in stimulating rural economy. In this article, it is aimed to determine the most suitable oak species for the development of the Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle) and to provide guidance for the establishment of truffle gardens. Quercus robur L., Q. ilex L., Q. coccifera L were germinated, the seedlings were inoculated with T. aestivum which is an important element of Turkish biological diversity. The mycorrhiza were counted in the roots after the 15-month growth period of the seedlings to which T. aestivum was inoculated. As a result of the counts, it was determined that the rate of the roots with mycorrhiza (PT) was 0.93 in Q. robur L., 0.91 in Q. coccifera L. and 0.90 in Q. ilex L. Contaminated root rate (PC) was 0.28 in Q. robur L., 0.28 in Q. ilex L. and 0.30 in Q. coccifera L. According to the results, Q. robur is the oak species with the highest mycorrhizal development rate.

Keywords

Tuber aestivum Muğla Truffle Oak Turkey

References

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  • Arredondo-Ruiz F., García-Montero L. G., Díaz P., 2014. A review of research on Tuber aestivum (Summer truffle) focused on its culture. Forest systems (submitted).
  • Avis, P.G., McLaughlin, D.J., Dentinger, B.C., Reich, P.B., 2003. Long-term increase in nitrogen supply alters above- and below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities and increases the dominance of Russula spp. in a temperate oak savanna. New Phytol, 160:239–253.
  • Bencivenga, M., Di Massimo, G., 2000. Risultati produttivi di tartufaie coltivate di Tuber melanosporum Vitt. In Umbria. Micologia Italiana, 2:38–44.
  • Bonet, J. A., Oliach, D., Fischer, C. R., Olivera, A., De Aragón, J.M., Colinas, C., 2009. Cultivation Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review. EFI Proceedings. 1st Annual Meeting of the Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services, 26-27 October 2007, Palencia, Spain, 57-71.
  • Bonito, G., Trappe, J. M., Vilgalys, R., 2009. North American truffles in Tuberaceae: Molecular and morphological perspectives. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 31(S16):39-51.
  • Bonito, G.M., Gryganskyi, A.P., Trappe, J.M., Vilgalys, R., 2010. A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: Species diversity, host associations and long distance dispersal. Molecular Ecology, 19:4994-5008.
  • Callot, G.,1999. La Truffe, La Terre, la Vie. INRA, Paris, 210p.
  • Carbajo, P., 2000. Plantación de Arotz-Catesa. In: Jornadas de Truficultura. Viver, El Toro (Castellón).
  • Castellano, M.A., Turkoğlu, A., 2012. New records of truffle taxa in Tuber and Terfezia from Turkey. Turk J. Bot., 36:295-298.
  • Ceruti, A., Fontana, A., Nosenzo, C., 2003. Le specie del genere Tuber. Una revisione storica. Museo Re¬gionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.
  • Chevalier, G., Frochot, H., 1997a. La Truffe de Bourgogne. Editions Pétrarque, Levallois-Perret, ISBN: 978-2-911730-01-6, 257p.
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  • Chevalier, G., Frochot, H., 2002. La Truffe de Bourgogne (Tuber uncinatum Chatin). Editions Petrarque, Levallois-Perret Cedex. ISBN-13: 978-2911730139, 257p.
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  • Doğan, H. H., Öztürk C., 2006. Macrofungi and their distribution in Karaman Province. Turkish Journal of Botany, 30:193-207.
  • Donnini D, Benucci GMN, Bencivenga M, Baciarelli-Falini L., 2014. Quality assessment of truffle-inoculated seedlings in Italy: Proposing revised parameters for certification. For. Syst. 23(2):385–393. doi:10.5424/fs/2014232-05029.
  • Duell, G., 2012. The President’s Report. National Conference of the Australian Truffle Growers Association. http://www.trufflegrowers.com.au/wp- ontent/uploads/2012/09/2012-Presidents-Report.pdf. (Accessed: 13 July 2013).
  • Escafre, A., Roussel, F., 2006. Rapport relatif au développement de la trufficulture française. Available in http://agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/developpement truffi franc., (Accessed: 13 July 2013).
  • Fekete, A.O., Bagi, I., Conde, .IP., Iotti, M., Zambonelli, A., 2014. First report on the truffles of Azerbaijan. In: Re´sume´s du deuxie`me symposium sur les champignons hypoge´s du bassin mediterrane´en (HYPOGES2) et cinquie`me congre`s Tuber aestivum/uncinatum du groupe scientifique europe´en (TAUESG5), Universite´ Mohammed V, Rabat, 9–13 Apr,p19.
  • Fischer, C., Colinas, C., 1996. Methodology for the certification of Quercus ilex seedlings inoculated with Tuber melanosporum for commercial application. First International Conference in Mycorrhizae, August 4-9, Berkeley, California, USA.
  • Gardes,, M., Bruns, T., 1996. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: above- and below-ground views. Can. J. Bot 74:1572–1583.
  • Granetti., B., 1995. Caratteristiche morfologiche, biometriche e strutturali delle micorrize di Tuber di interesse economico. Micol Ital 2:101–117.
  • Gregori, G.L., 2013. Truffle and truffle cultivation in Italy: main aspects and news. 1st International Congress of Trufficulture Tuber March 5-8 Teruel (Spain).
  • Giorgio Marozzi G., Sánchez S. , Benucci G.M. N., Bonito G., Falini L. B., Albertini E., Donnini D., 2016. Mycorrhization of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) with black truffles: Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale, Mycorrhiza, 27(3)1-7.
  • Gryndler, M., Hršelová, H., Soukupová, L., Streiblová, E., Valda, S., Borovička, J., Gryndlerová, H., Gažo, J., Miko, M., 2011. Detection of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) in ectomycorrhizae and in soil using specific primers. FEMS Microbiol Lett , 318:84–91.
  • Hall, I. R., Brown, G., Byars, J., 2001. The black truffle: Its history, uses and cultivation. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Corp & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  • Hall, I. R., Yun, W., Amicucci, A., 2003. Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends Biotechnology, 21:433–438.
  • Hall, I., Brown , G.T., Zambonelli, A., 2007. Taming the Truffle: The History, Lore and Science of the Ultimate Mushroom, Timber Press, Oregon, 304p.
  • Isiloglu, M., Oder, N., 1995. Malatya Yöresinin Makrofungusları. Turkish Journal of Botany. 19:321–324.
  • Jeandroz. S., Murat, C.,Wang, Y., Bonfante, P., Le Tacon, F., 2008. Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Tuber, the “true truffles”. Journal of Biogeography, 35:815–829.
  • Kaya, A., 2009. Macromycetes of Kahramanmaraş Province (Turkey). Mycotaxon, 108: 31-34.
  • Kovacs, G.M., Jakucs, E., 2006. Morphological and molecular comparison of white truffle ectomycorrhizae. Mycorrhiza, 16: 567–574. Lange, C., 1994. Et år med Trøfler. Svampe, 29:1-5.
  • Lefevre, C. K., Hall, I.R., Mehlenbacher, S.A., 2001. Status of truffle cultivation: A global perspective. Acta Horticulturae, 556:513–520.
  • Marx D.H., 2001. Forest applycation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, The Prize: Ectomycorrhizal fungi, Lecture: Part I of II.
  • Mello, A., Murat, C., Bonfante, P., 2006. Truffles: Much more than a prized and local fungal delicacy. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 260:1–8.
  • Montecchi, A., Sarasini, M., 2000. Funghi ipogei d’Europa. Associazione Micologica Bresadola (eds), Reggio Emilia, Italy. Vicenza : Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici dell' A.M.B., 714p.
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  • Reyna, S., Boronat, T., Palomar, E., 2000. Control de calidad en la planta micorrizada con Tuber melanosporum Vitt. producida por viveros comerciales. Montes, 61:17–24
  • Sen, I., Alli, H., Civelek, H.S., 2016. Checklist of Turkish truffles. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 1/2:103-109.
  • Serrada, R., 2008. Apuntes de Selvicultura. Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, EUIT Forestal: 452
  • Solak, M. H., Isiloglu, M., Kalmıs, E., Alli, H., 2007. Macrofungi of Turkey, Checklist, Volume 1. Üniversiteliler Ofset, İzmir,254p.
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  • Sourzat, P., 2001. Les limites des critères agronomiques dans l'analyse de terre en trufficulture. In: Actes du Ve Congrès International, Science et culture de la truffe, 4–6 march 1999, Aix-en-Provence, France., 5281–5286.
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  • Stobbe, U., Egli, S., Tegel, W., Peter, M., Sproll, L., Büntgen, U., 2013. Potential and limitations of Burgundy truffle cultivation. Mini-Review Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 97: 5215–5224.
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Tuber aestivum Vittad. (yazlık trüf) aşılanmış bazı Quercus fidanlarında mikoriza oranlarının belirlenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 226 - 232, 30.09.2018

Sevgin Özderin , Ferah Yılmaz Hakan Allı

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.435372
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Trüf yetiştiriciliği, özellikle kırsal ekonomiyi canlandırmakta önemli bir faaliyet olmasının yanı sıra, turizm ve diğer sektörlere olan katkısından dolayı oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (yaz trüfü) gelişimi için en uygun meşe türünün belirlenmesi ve trüf bahçesi kurulumu için rehber olmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada Quercus robur L., Q. ilex L., Q. coccifera L. türlerinin tohumları çimlendirilip, elde edilen fidanlar biyolojik çeşitliliğimizin önemli bir parçası olan trüf mantarı türlerinden T. aestivum ile aşılanmıştır. Aşılanmış fidanların 15 aylık gelişim süreci sonunda köklerdeki mikoriza sayımları yapılmıştır. Yapılan sayımlar sonucunda mikorizalı kök oranı (PT) Q. robur L. da 0,93; Q. coccifera L. da 0,91; Q. ilex L. de 0,90 bulunmuştur. Kontamine kök oranı (PC) ise Q. robur L. da 0,28; Q. ilex L. de 0,29; Q. coccifera L. da ise 0,30 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre mikorizal gelişimin en yüksek olduğu meşe türü Q. robur’dur.

Keywords

Tuber aestivum Trüf Meşe Muğla Türkiye

References

  • Afyon, A., 1996. Isparta yöresinde belirlenen bazı makroskobik mantarlar. Turkish Journal of Botany, 20: 161-164. Agerer, R., 1991. Characterization of ectomycorrhiza. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma A (eds) Techniques for the study ofmycorrhiza Methods Microbiol, 23:25–73.
  • Arredondo-Ruiz F., García-Montero L. G., Díaz P., 2014. A review of research on Tuber aestivum (Summer truffle) focused on its culture. Forest systems (submitted).
  • Avis, P.G., McLaughlin, D.J., Dentinger, B.C., Reich, P.B., 2003. Long-term increase in nitrogen supply alters above- and below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities and increases the dominance of Russula spp. in a temperate oak savanna. New Phytol, 160:239–253.
  • Bencivenga, M., Di Massimo, G., 2000. Risultati produttivi di tartufaie coltivate di Tuber melanosporum Vitt. In Umbria. Micologia Italiana, 2:38–44.
  • Bonet, J. A., Oliach, D., Fischer, C. R., Olivera, A., De Aragón, J.M., Colinas, C., 2009. Cultivation Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review. EFI Proceedings. 1st Annual Meeting of the Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services, 26-27 October 2007, Palencia, Spain, 57-71.
  • Bonito, G., Trappe, J. M., Vilgalys, R., 2009. North American truffles in Tuberaceae: Molecular and morphological perspectives. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 31(S16):39-51.
  • Bonito, G.M., Gryganskyi, A.P., Trappe, J.M., Vilgalys, R., 2010. A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: Species diversity, host associations and long distance dispersal. Molecular Ecology, 19:4994-5008.
  • Callot, G.,1999. La Truffe, La Terre, la Vie. INRA, Paris, 210p.
  • Carbajo, P., 2000. Plantación de Arotz-Catesa. In: Jornadas de Truficultura. Viver, El Toro (Castellón).
  • Castellano, M.A., Turkoğlu, A., 2012. New records of truffle taxa in Tuber and Terfezia from Turkey. Turk J. Bot., 36:295-298.
  • Ceruti, A., Fontana, A., Nosenzo, C., 2003. Le specie del genere Tuber. Una revisione storica. Museo Re¬gionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.
  • Chevalier, G., Frochot, H., 1997a. La Truffe de Bourgogne. Editions Pétrarque, Levallois-Perret, ISBN: 978-2-911730-01-6, 257p.
  • Chevalier, G., Frochot, H., 1997b. La Maîtrise de la culture de la truffe. Revue Forestière Française [Rev. For. Fr.], 49 Nº special (Champignons et mycorrhizes en forêt), 49: 201-213.
  • Chevalier, G., Frochot, H., 2002. La Truffe de Bourgogne (Tuber uncinatum Chatin). Editions Petrarque, Levallois-Perret Cedex. ISBN-13: 978-2911730139, 257p.
  • Council Directive 1999/105/EC of 22 December 1999. On the marketing of forest reproductive material. Official Journal of the European Communities, 11:17-40.
  • Doğan, H. H., Öztürk C., 2006. Macrofungi and their distribution in Karaman Province. Turkish Journal of Botany, 30:193-207.
  • Donnini D, Benucci GMN, Bencivenga M, Baciarelli-Falini L., 2014. Quality assessment of truffle-inoculated seedlings in Italy: Proposing revised parameters for certification. For. Syst. 23(2):385–393. doi:10.5424/fs/2014232-05029.
  • Duell, G., 2012. The President’s Report. National Conference of the Australian Truffle Growers Association. http://www.trufflegrowers.com.au/wp- ontent/uploads/2012/09/2012-Presidents-Report.pdf. (Accessed: 13 July 2013).
  • Escafre, A., Roussel, F., 2006. Rapport relatif au développement de la trufficulture française. Available in http://agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/developpement truffi franc., (Accessed: 13 July 2013).
  • Fekete, A.O., Bagi, I., Conde, .IP., Iotti, M., Zambonelli, A., 2014. First report on the truffles of Azerbaijan. In: Re´sume´s du deuxie`me symposium sur les champignons hypoge´s du bassin mediterrane´en (HYPOGES2) et cinquie`me congre`s Tuber aestivum/uncinatum du groupe scientifique europe´en (TAUESG5), Universite´ Mohammed V, Rabat, 9–13 Apr,p19.
  • Fischer, C., Colinas, C., 1996. Methodology for the certification of Quercus ilex seedlings inoculated with Tuber melanosporum for commercial application. First International Conference in Mycorrhizae, August 4-9, Berkeley, California, USA.
  • Gardes,, M., Bruns, T., 1996. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: above- and below-ground views. Can. J. Bot 74:1572–1583.
  • Granetti., B., 1995. Caratteristiche morfologiche, biometriche e strutturali delle micorrize di Tuber di interesse economico. Micol Ital 2:101–117.
  • Gregori, G.L., 2013. Truffle and truffle cultivation in Italy: main aspects and news. 1st International Congress of Trufficulture Tuber March 5-8 Teruel (Spain).
  • Giorgio Marozzi G., Sánchez S. , Benucci G.M. N., Bonito G., Falini L. B., Albertini E., Donnini D., 2016. Mycorrhization of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) with black truffles: Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale, Mycorrhiza, 27(3)1-7.
  • Gryndler, M., Hršelová, H., Soukupová, L., Streiblová, E., Valda, S., Borovička, J., Gryndlerová, H., Gažo, J., Miko, M., 2011. Detection of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) in ectomycorrhizae and in soil using specific primers. FEMS Microbiol Lett , 318:84–91.
  • Hall, I. R., Brown, G., Byars, J., 2001. The black truffle: Its history, uses and cultivation. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Corp & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  • Hall, I. R., Yun, W., Amicucci, A., 2003. Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends Biotechnology, 21:433–438.
  • Hall, I., Brown , G.T., Zambonelli, A., 2007. Taming the Truffle: The History, Lore and Science of the Ultimate Mushroom, Timber Press, Oregon, 304p.
  • Isiloglu, M., Oder, N., 1995. Malatya Yöresinin Makrofungusları. Turkish Journal of Botany. 19:321–324.
  • Jeandroz. S., Murat, C.,Wang, Y., Bonfante, P., Le Tacon, F., 2008. Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Tuber, the “true truffles”. Journal of Biogeography, 35:815–829.
  • Kaya, A., 2009. Macromycetes of Kahramanmaraş Province (Turkey). Mycotaxon, 108: 31-34.
  • Kovacs, G.M., Jakucs, E., 2006. Morphological and molecular comparison of white truffle ectomycorrhizae. Mycorrhiza, 16: 567–574. Lange, C., 1994. Et år med Trøfler. Svampe, 29:1-5.
  • Lefevre, C. K., Hall, I.R., Mehlenbacher, S.A., 2001. Status of truffle cultivation: A global perspective. Acta Horticulturae, 556:513–520.
  • Marx D.H., 2001. Forest applycation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, The Prize: Ectomycorrhizal fungi, Lecture: Part I of II.
  • Mello, A., Murat, C., Bonfante, P., 2006. Truffles: Much more than a prized and local fungal delicacy. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 260:1–8.
  • Montecchi, A., Sarasini, M., 2000. Funghi ipogei d’Europa. Associazione Micologica Bresadola (eds), Reggio Emilia, Italy. Vicenza : Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici dell' A.M.B., 714p.
  • Morcillo, M., Moreno, B., Pulido, E., Sánchez, M., 2007. Manual de truficultura Andaluza. Ed. Gypaetus y Consejería de MedioAmbiente. Junta de Andalucía. p. 176.
  • Müller, W. R., Rauscher, T., Agerer, R., and Chevalier, G., 1996. Tuber aestivum Vitt.+ Corylus avellana L. Descr Ectomyc., 1:167-172.
  • Oder, N., 1988. Taxonomic investigations of important edible and poisonous mushrooms growing in the Konya center and some districts of Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8: 237-257.
  • Olivier, J. M., 2000. Progress in the cultivation of truffles. In: Proceedings of the 15th international congress on the science and cultivation of edible fungi, Maastricht, Netherlands, 15-19 May 2000, 937–942.
  • Reyna, S., Boronat, T., Palomar, E., 2000. Control de calidad en la planta micorrizada con Tuber melanosporum Vitt. producida por viveros comerciales. Montes, 61:17–24
  • Sen, I., Alli, H., Civelek, H.S., 2016. Checklist of Turkish truffles. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 1/2:103-109.
  • Serrada, R., 2008. Apuntes de Selvicultura. Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, EUIT Forestal: 452
  • Solak, M. H., Isiloglu, M., Kalmıs, E., Alli, H., 2007. Macrofungi of Turkey, Checklist, Volume 1. Üniversiteliler Ofset, İzmir,254p.
  • Song, M.S., Cao, J.Z., Yao, Y.J., 2005. Occurrence of Tuber aestivum in China. Mycotaxon, 91:75–80.
  • Sourzat, P., 2001. Les limites des critères agronomiques dans l'analyse de terre en trufficulture. In: Actes du Ve Congrès International, Science et culture de la truffe, 4–6 march 1999, Aix-en-Provence, France., 5281–5286.
  • Stielow, B., Menzel, W., 2010. Complete nucleotide sequence of TaV1, a novel totivirus isolated from a black truffle ascocarp (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). Arch Virol, 155(12):2075–2078. Stobbe, U., Buntgen, U., Sprol,l L., Tegel, W., Egli, S., Fink, S., 2012. Spatial distribution and ecological variation of re-discovered German truffle habitats. Fungal Ecology, 5: 591–599.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Sevgin Özderin

Ferah Yılmaz This is me

Hakan Allı

Publication Date September 30, 2018
Acceptance Date September 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 19 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özderin, S., Yılmaz, F., & Allı, H. (2018). Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle). Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(3), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.435372
AMA Özderin S, Yılmaz F, Allı H. Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle). Turkish Journal of Forestry. September 2018;19(3):226-232. doi:10.18182/tjf.435372
Chicago Özderin, Sevgin, Ferah Yılmaz, and Hakan Allı. “Determining Mycorrhiza Rate in Some Oak Species Inoculated With Tuber Aestivum Vittad. (summer Truffle)”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 19, no. 3 (September 2018): 226-32. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.435372.
EndNote Özderin S, Yılmaz F, Allı H (September 1, 2018) Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle). Turkish Journal of Forestry 19 3 226–232.
IEEE S. Özderin, F. Yılmaz, and H. Allı, “Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle)”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 226–232, 2018, doi: 10.18182/tjf.435372.
ISNAD Özderin, Sevgin et al. “Determining Mycorrhiza Rate in Some Oak Species Inoculated With Tuber Aestivum Vittad. (summer Truffle)”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 19/3 (September 2018), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.435372.
JAMA Özderin S, Yılmaz F, Allı H. Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle). Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2018;19:226–232.
MLA Özderin, Sevgin et al. “Determining Mycorrhiza Rate in Some Oak Species Inoculated With Tuber Aestivum Vittad. (summer Truffle)”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 19, no. 3, 2018, pp. 226-32, doi:10.18182/tjf.435372.
Vancouver Özderin S, Yılmaz F, Allı H. Determining mycorrhiza rate in some oak species inoculated with Tuber aestivum Vittad. (summer truffle). Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2018;19(3):226-32.

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