Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya

Susan Onyango; Laurent De Kiev Cleenewerck; Moyosola Bamidele; Denis Bwesigye Akankunda

doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285

TR EN

Kenya'da Kırsal Bir Hastanede İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü ile Yaşayan Kişiler Arasında Bulaşıcı Olmayan Hastalıklar ve İlişkili Risk Faktörleri

Abstract

Giriş: Bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar, insan immün yetmezlik virüsü (Human immunodeficiency virus-HIV) ile yaşayan kişilerde giderek artan bir yük oluşturmaktadır. Kenya, genel nüfusta bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların yaygınlığına ilişkin iyi belgelere sahiptir, ancak insan immün yetmezlik virüsü ile yaşayan kişilerde bu durum söz konusu değildir. Amaç: Bu çalışmada hipertansiyon ve diabetes mellitus prevalansı ve bu popülasyonda bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar için ilişkili risk faktörleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yöntemler: Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün aşamalı yaklaşımını kullanarak kırsal bir HIV kliniğinde 18-69 yaş arası 1.595 kişiyle kesitsel bir çalışma yürüttük. Temel özellikleri incelemek için tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullandık. Prevalansı bildirdik, risk faktörleri için bilgi ortalamasını hesapladık ve çoklu regresyon kullanarak bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar için tanılarla ilişkili faktörleri belirledik. Diyabetes mellitusu açlık kan şekeri ≥ 7 mmol/l (>126mg/dl) hipertansiyonu ≥140/90 mmHg ve obeziteyi erkekler ve kadınlar için sırasıyla bel çevresi >102 cm ve >88 cm olarak tanımladık. Sonuçlar: Kadın katılımcıların oranı %65,9 idi. Diyabet oranı %10,3, hipertansiyon %9,8 ve obezite %32,7'dir. Daha önce diyabet taraması yapılanların oranı %9,2, hipertansiyon taraması yapılanların oranı ise %21,8'dir. Alkol kullanım sıklığı %12,5 iken fiziksel hareketsizlik sıklığı %15'tir. Hipertansiyon için risk faktörleri bilgi puanı ortalaması 0,9 ve diabetes mellitus için 0,3 olup her ikisi de 8 üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Hipertansiyon ve diabetes mellitus obezite, antiretroviral tedavide geçirilen yıl sayısının artması, ileri yaş ve fiziksel hareketsizlik ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Öneri: Çalışma, bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların yüksek prevalansını, risk faktörleri hakkında düşük bilgi düzeyini ve bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar için sınırlı taramayı rapor ederek önleme için kaçırılan fırsatları vurgulamıştır. HIV/AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-kazanılmış immün yetmezlik sendromu) için standart bakım paketinde erken tarama ve sağlık eğitiminin uygulanması, bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların önlenmesi için bir strateji olarak çok önemlidir.

Keywords

Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya

Abstract

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are a growing burden in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Kenya has good documentation of the prevalence of non- communicable diseases in the general population, but not in people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Objective: The study assessed the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors for non-communicable disease in this population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 1,595 people aged 18 to 69 in a rural HIV clinic using the World Health Organization's stepwise approach. We used descriptive statistics to examine the baseline characteristics. We reported prevalence, calculated the mean of knowledge for risk factors, and identified the factors associated with the diagnoses for non-communicable diseases by using multiple regression. We defined diabetes mellitus as fasting blood sugar ≥ 7 mmol/l (126mg/dl), hypertension as blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg, and obesity for men and women with waist circumference >102 cm and >88 cm, respectively. Results: The proportion of women participants was 65.9%. Diabetes accounted for 10.3%, hypertension 9.8%, and obesity 32.7%. The ratio of those who had ever been screened for diabetes before were 9.2%, while those who had ever been screened for hypertension were 21.8%. Alcohol use was 12.5%, while physical inactivity was 15%. The mean score for knowledge of risk factors for hypertension was 0.9 and for diabetes mellitus, it was 0.3, both out of 8. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were associated with obesity, increased number of years on antiretroviral therapy, advanced age, and physical inactivity. Conclusion and Contribution: The study reported a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases, low knowledge of risk factors, and limited screening for non-communicable diseases highlighting missed opportunities for prevention. Implementing early screening and health education in the standard care package for HIV/AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is crucial as a strategy for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors received no financial support nor any sponsorship for research, authoeship or publication.

Ethical Statement

The study obtained approval from Euclid University Research and Ethics Committee, Maseno University Ethical Review Committee Proposal No. MUERC/968/21, The National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) License No: NACOSTI/P/21/10507, and authorization from Homa Bay County Health Department REF: MOH/RA/VOL.VII (29). All respondents were of age to give consent, that is, above 18 years old. The principal investigator read the consent form to the participants and consent was obtained in the presence of the data collector before data collection. We ensured that each respondent understood that “participation in the study was completely voluntary and refusing to participate would not affect their treatment, and that they could also withdraw at any point.” Participants were also informed that their confidentiality would be protected.

Thanks

We thank all research participants, Homa Bay County Health Department, and Marindi Sub County Hospital staff. The authors are grateful to the dedicated study field and laboratory staff members. The authors also thank John Oloo Oketch and Dr. Francis Aila Oketch, from the Department of Health, Homa Bay County for their substantial contributions in training the study field team and reviewing of the manuscript respectively.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Preventative Health Care, Family Medicine

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Susan Onyango ^*
0000-0002-5397-5093
Kenya

Laurent De Kiev Cleenewerck
0000-0002-9267-0428
United States

Moyosola Bamidele
0000-0001-8444-7966
Nigeria

Denis Bwesigye Akankunda
0000-0003-2685-6571
Uganda

Early Pub Date

February 21, 2025

Publication Date

March 7, 2025

Submission Date

July 8, 2024

Acceptance Date

November 13, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 19 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA23JA49PA

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Onyango, S., De Kiev Cleenewerck, L., Bamidele, M., & Bwesigye Akankunda, D. (2025). Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 19(1), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285

AMA

1.Onyango S, De Kiev Cleenewerck L, Bamidele M, Bwesigye Akankunda D. Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya. TJFMPC. 2025;19(1):72-82. doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285

Chicago

Onyango, Susan, Laurent De Kiev Cleenewerck, Moyosola Bamidele, and Denis Bwesigye Akankunda. 2025. “Non-Communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 19 (1): 72-82. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285.

EndNote

Onyango S, De Kiev Cleenewerck L, Bamidele M, Bwesigye Akankunda D (March 1, 2025) Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 19 1 72–82.

IEEE

[1]S. Onyango, L. De Kiev Cleenewerck, M. Bamidele, and D. Bwesigye Akankunda, “Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya”, TJFMPC, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 72–82, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285.

ISNAD

Onyango, Susan - De Kiev Cleenewerck, Laurent - Bamidele, Moyosola - Bwesigye Akankunda, Denis. “Non-Communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 19/1 (March 1, 2025): 72-82. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285.

JAMA

1.Onyango S, De Kiev Cleenewerck L, Bamidele M, Bwesigye Akankunda D. Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya. TJFMPC. 2025;19:72–82.

MLA

Onyango, Susan, et al. “Non-Communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 19, no. 1, Mar. 2025, pp. 72-82, doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285.

Vancouver

1.Susan Onyango, Laurent De Kiev Cleenewerck, Moyosola Bamidele, Denis Bwesigye Akankunda. Non-communicable Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Rural Hospital in Kenya. TJFMPC. 2025 Mar. 1;19(1):72-8. doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1506285