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Comparison of Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety Levels of Adolescents Who Wear Spectacles and Who Do Not

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 862 - 871, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.976914

Abstract

Introduction: Self-esteem and social anxiety could affect both the social life and school success of adolescents. Wearing spectacles in adolescence may be related to self-esteem and social anxiety. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the level of self-esteem and social anxiety between adolescents who wear spectacles and those who do not. Methods: This comparative descriptive study which was conducted in Sivas Cumhuriyet University Ophthalmology outpatient clinic between March-July 2021, consisted of 108 adolescents who have been wearing spectacles for at least one year, and age and sex-matched, 150 healthy adolescents. Self-esteem was measured by Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and social anxiety was measured by Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and clinical data on spectacle were evaluated via a sociodemographic data form. Results: 69 (63.9%) of the study group were girls, and the mean age was 12.92±1.55 years. For the right eyes, the mean spherical equivalent (SE) value was -1.10±3.23 D and it was -1.15±3.39 D for the left eyes. The mean self-esteem scores of the spectacle wearers were significantly lower (22.53±4.60 vs. 25.50±2.05, p<0.001), and the mean social anxiety scale scores were significantly higher (40.23±10.90 vs. 36.13±7.57, p=0.006) compared the control group. When the patients were evaluated as myopic (n=78) and hyperopic (n=30) regarding the SE, even though there was an increase in the social anxiety score as the degree of myopia increased for both eyes (for right, r=.-280, p=0.01, and for left, r=.-235, p=0.04), there was no significant correlation with self-esteem scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Wearing spectacles in adolescence seems to be related to self-esteem and social anxiety. An appropriate approach would be to perform a thorough psychological evaluation of adolescents who wear spectacles.

References

  • 1. Steinmetz JD, Bourne RR, Briant PS, Flaxman SR, Taylor HR, Jonas JB, et al. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e144-e60.
  • 2. Hashemi H, Fotouhi A, Yekta A, Pakzad R, Ostadimoghaddam H and Khabazkhoob M. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018; 30: 3-22.
  • 3. Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M, et al. Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: risk for a further myopia boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021; 223: 333-7.
  • 4. Dias L, Manny RE, Hyman L, Fern K and GROUP C. The relationship between self-esteem of myopic children and ocular and demographic characteristics. Optom Vis Sci. 2002; 79: 688-96.
  • 5. Jellesma FC. Do glasses change children’s perceptions? Effects of eyeglasses on peer-and self-perception. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2013; 10: 449-60.
  • 6. Hahn‐Smith AM and Smith JE. The positive influence of maternal identification on body image, eating attitudes, and self‐esteem of Hispanic and Anglo girls. Int J Eat Disord. 2001; 29: 429-40
  • 7. Leonard BJ, Brust JD, Abrahams G and Sielaff B. Self-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J.. 1991; 28: 347-53.
  • 8. Odedra N, Wedner SH, Shigongo ZS, Nyalali K and Gilbert C. Barriers to spectacle use in Tanzanian secondary school students. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008; 15: 410-7.
  • 9. Walline JJ, Sinnott L, Johnson ED, Ticak A, Jones SL and Jones LA. What do kids think about kids in eyeglasses? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008; 28: 218-24.
  • 10. Lyon D, Rainey B and Bullock C. The effects of glasses on the self-concept of school-aged children. J Optom Vis Dev. 2002; 33: 29-32.
  • 11. Tuncer Ö, Atay İM, Gök Balcı U, Tekgül N and Öngel K. Ergenlerde Gözlük Kullanımı İle Özgüven Arasındaki İlişki: Basit Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Tepecik Eğit Hast Derg. 24: 1-6.
  • 12. Halldorsson B and Creswell C. Social anxiety in pre-adolescent children: What do we know about maintenance? Behav Res Ther. 2017; 99: 19-36.
  • 13. Gill C, Watson L, Williams C and Chan SW. Social anxiety and self-compassion in adolescents. J Adolesc. 2018; 69: 163-74.
  • 14. Eroğlu K and Odacı H. Ortaokul Yedinci ve Sekizinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Anksiyete Düzeyleri ile Benlik Saygıları, Anne-Baba Tutumları, Mükemmeliyetçilik Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2019; 26: 108-15.
  • 15. American Psychiatric Association A and Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American psychiatric association, 2013;31-715.
  • 16. Rosenberg, M., Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey:Princeton university press. 1965;3-39.
  • 17. Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. 1986;70-75.
  • 18. La Greca AM and Stone WL. Social anxiety scale for children-revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol. 1993; 22: 17-27.
  • 19. Demir T, Eralp-Demir D, Türksoy N, Özmen E and Uysal Ö. Çocuklar için sosyal anksiyete ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Düşünen Adam. 2000; 13: 42-8.
  • 20. Bernfeld A. Psychological impact of eyeglasses. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1994; 253: 57-62.
  • 21. Terry R, Berg A and Phillips P. The effect of eyeglasses on self-esteem. J Am Optom Assoc. 1983; 54: 947-9.
  • 22. Horwood J, Waylen A, Herrick D, Williams C and Wolke D. Common visual defects and peer victimization in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 1177-81.
  • 23. Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA and Brown B. Effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2008; 85: 1074-81.
  • 24. Walline JJ, Gaume A, Jones LA, Rah MJ, Manny RE, Berntsen DA, et al. Benefits of contact lens wear for children and teens. Eye Contact Lens. 2007; 33: 317-21.
  • 25. Walline JJ, Jones LA, Sinnott L, Chitkara M, Coffey B, Jackson JM, et al. Randomized trial of the effect of contact lens wear on self-perception in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2009; 86: 222-32.
  • 26. Liu M, Wu L and Ming Q. How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0134804.
  • 27. Terry RL, Soni PS and Horner DG. Spectacles, contact lenses, and children's self-concepts: a longitudinal study. Optom Vis Sci. 1997; 74: 1044-8.
  • 28. Wang D, Yang J, Xian Y-J, Wu P-P and Lin S-L. Current status of social anxiety among primary school students with myopia in Urumqi, China and risk factors for myopia. Zhongguo Dang dai er ke za zhi= Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2019; 21: 184-8.

Gözlük Kullanan ve Kullanmayan Adolesanların Benlik Saygısı ve Sosyal Kaygı Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 862 - 871, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.976914

Abstract

Giriş: Gözlük kullanımının benlik saygısını etkileyip etkilemediğini değerlendirmek ve gözlük takan ve takmayan çocuk ve ergenlerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerini karşılaştırmak.
Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışma, en az bir yıldır gözlük takan 108 çocuk ile yaş ve cinsiyet açısından eşleştirilmiş 150 sağlıklı çocuktan oluşuyordu. Benlik saygısı Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği ile ölçüldü ve sosyal kaygı, Çocuklar İçin Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği- Yenilenmiş Biçim ile ölçüldü. Katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve gözlükle ilgili klinik verileri, sosyodemografik veri formu aracılığıyla dGiriş: Benlik saygısı ve sosyal kaygı, adolesanların hem sosyal yaşamını hem de okul başarısını etkileyebilir. Adolesan döneminde gözlük takmak benlik saygısı ve sosyal kaygı ile ilişkili olabilir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada gözlük kullanan ve kullanmayan adolesanların benlik saygısı ve sosyal kaygı düzeylerini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Mart-Temmuz 2021 tarihleri arasında Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Göz Hastalıkları polikliniğinde yürütülen bu karşılaştırmalı tanımlayıcı çalışmanın örneklemini, en az bir yıldır gözlük takan 108 adolesan ile yaş ve cinsiyet açısından eşleştirilmiş 150 sağlıklı adolesan oluşturdu. Benlik saygısı Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği ile ve sosyal kaygı, Çocuklar İçin Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği- Yenilenmiş Biçim ile ölçüldü. Katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve gözlükle ilgili klinik verileri, bir sosyodemografik veri formu aracılığıyla değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışma grubunun 69'u (%63,9) kız olup, yaş ortalaması 12,92±1,55 yıl idi. Sağ göz için ortalama sferik eşdeğer (SE) değeri -1.10±3.23 D, sol göz için -1.15±3.39 D idi. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında gözlük kullananların ortalama benlik saygısı puanları anlamlı olarak daha düşük (22,53±4,60’a karşı 25,50±2,05, p<0,001) ve ortalama sosyal kaygı ölçeği puanları anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (40,23±10,90'a karşı 36,13±7,57, p=0,006). Hastalar SE açısından miyop (n=78) ve hipermetrop (n=30) olarak değerlendirildiğinde her iki gözde miyopi derecesi arttıkça sosyal anksiyete puanında artış olmasına rağmen (sağ için, r=.-280, p= 0.01 ve sol için, r= .-235, p=0.04), benlik saygısı puanları ile anlamlı bir ilişki yoktu (p>0.05). Sonuç: Adolesan döneminde gözlük takmanın benlik saygısı ve sosyal kaygı ile ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Gözlük takan adolesanların kapsamlı bir psikolojik değerlendirmesini yapmak uygun bir yaklaşım olabilir.

References

  • 1. Steinmetz JD, Bourne RR, Briant PS, Flaxman SR, Taylor HR, Jonas JB, et al. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e144-e60.
  • 2. Hashemi H, Fotouhi A, Yekta A, Pakzad R, Ostadimoghaddam H and Khabazkhoob M. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018; 30: 3-22.
  • 3. Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M, et al. Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: risk for a further myopia boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021; 223: 333-7.
  • 4. Dias L, Manny RE, Hyman L, Fern K and GROUP C. The relationship between self-esteem of myopic children and ocular and demographic characteristics. Optom Vis Sci. 2002; 79: 688-96.
  • 5. Jellesma FC. Do glasses change children’s perceptions? Effects of eyeglasses on peer-and self-perception. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2013; 10: 449-60.
  • 6. Hahn‐Smith AM and Smith JE. The positive influence of maternal identification on body image, eating attitudes, and self‐esteem of Hispanic and Anglo girls. Int J Eat Disord. 2001; 29: 429-40
  • 7. Leonard BJ, Brust JD, Abrahams G and Sielaff B. Self-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J.. 1991; 28: 347-53.
  • 8. Odedra N, Wedner SH, Shigongo ZS, Nyalali K and Gilbert C. Barriers to spectacle use in Tanzanian secondary school students. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008; 15: 410-7.
  • 9. Walline JJ, Sinnott L, Johnson ED, Ticak A, Jones SL and Jones LA. What do kids think about kids in eyeglasses? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008; 28: 218-24.
  • 10. Lyon D, Rainey B and Bullock C. The effects of glasses on the self-concept of school-aged children. J Optom Vis Dev. 2002; 33: 29-32.
  • 11. Tuncer Ö, Atay İM, Gök Balcı U, Tekgül N and Öngel K. Ergenlerde Gözlük Kullanımı İle Özgüven Arasındaki İlişki: Basit Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Tepecik Eğit Hast Derg. 24: 1-6.
  • 12. Halldorsson B and Creswell C. Social anxiety in pre-adolescent children: What do we know about maintenance? Behav Res Ther. 2017; 99: 19-36.
  • 13. Gill C, Watson L, Williams C and Chan SW. Social anxiety and self-compassion in adolescents. J Adolesc. 2018; 69: 163-74.
  • 14. Eroğlu K and Odacı H. Ortaokul Yedinci ve Sekizinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Anksiyete Düzeyleri ile Benlik Saygıları, Anne-Baba Tutumları, Mükemmeliyetçilik Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2019; 26: 108-15.
  • 15. American Psychiatric Association A and Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American psychiatric association, 2013;31-715.
  • 16. Rosenberg, M., Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey:Princeton university press. 1965;3-39.
  • 17. Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. 1986;70-75.
  • 18. La Greca AM and Stone WL. Social anxiety scale for children-revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol. 1993; 22: 17-27.
  • 19. Demir T, Eralp-Demir D, Türksoy N, Özmen E and Uysal Ö. Çocuklar için sosyal anksiyete ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Düşünen Adam. 2000; 13: 42-8.
  • 20. Bernfeld A. Psychological impact of eyeglasses. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1994; 253: 57-62.
  • 21. Terry R, Berg A and Phillips P. The effect of eyeglasses on self-esteem. J Am Optom Assoc. 1983; 54: 947-9.
  • 22. Horwood J, Waylen A, Herrick D, Williams C and Wolke D. Common visual defects and peer victimization in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 1177-81.
  • 23. Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA and Brown B. Effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2008; 85: 1074-81.
  • 24. Walline JJ, Gaume A, Jones LA, Rah MJ, Manny RE, Berntsen DA, et al. Benefits of contact lens wear for children and teens. Eye Contact Lens. 2007; 33: 317-21.
  • 25. Walline JJ, Jones LA, Sinnott L, Chitkara M, Coffey B, Jackson JM, et al. Randomized trial of the effect of contact lens wear on self-perception in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2009; 86: 222-32.
  • 26. Liu M, Wu L and Ming Q. How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0134804.
  • 27. Terry RL, Soni PS and Horner DG. Spectacles, contact lenses, and children's self-concepts: a longitudinal study. Optom Vis Sci. 1997; 74: 1044-8.
  • 28. Wang D, Yang J, Xian Y-J, Wu P-P and Lin S-L. Current status of social anxiety among primary school students with myopia in Urumqi, China and risk factors for myopia. Zhongguo Dang dai er ke za zhi= Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2019; 21: 184-8.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Orijinal Articles
Authors

Duygu Yalınbaş Yeter 0000-0001-9001-0277

Erman Bozali 0000-0001-7918-8381

Ayla Uzun Cicek 0000-0003-2274-3457

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Submission Date July 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Yalınbaş Yeter D, Bozali E, Uzun Cicek A. Comparison of Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety Levels of Adolescents Who Wear Spectacles and Who Do Not. TJFMPC. 2021;15(4):862-71.

English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome.