The Follow up of the Anxiety Levels of Elderlies During the 'COVID-19' Pandemic: A Prospective Primary Care Study
Year 2024,
Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 249 - 258
Öznur Kübra Odabaş
,
Ezgi Ağadayı
,
Duygu Ayhan Başer
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 outbreak became the first pandemic caused by coronaviruses. As the epidemic spread rate gradually increased in Turkey, curfews were imposed on individuals aged 65 and over. We thought that both the pandemic and the curfew caused anxiety in the elderly. This study investigated the prevalence of anxiety in the elderly and the follow up of the axiety level during curfew. Other purpose of the study was to determine the factors affecting anxiety.
Method: We evaluated older people’s anxiety status with an interval of 15 days and 6 months during the pandemic by using Geriatric anxiety scale. People aged 65 and over among the enrolled population of the FHC were contacted by telephone.
Results: The mean scores of the first Geriatric anxiety scale were 1.0 ± 2.4, second score applied at the 15th days was 0.5 ± 2.1, the third score applied at the sixth month was 0.3 ± 1.8. There was a significant difference between the three measurements (p
= 0.002).
Conclusions: Total anxiety scores of our sample were low and there was a significant difference between the three measurements performed 15th days and sixth month was a decrease in anxiety. Gender, education level, living alone, house type was found related with changes in anxiety.
References
- 1. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2011;81:85-164.
- 2. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20; 382(8):727–733.
- 3. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020 May 12; 323(18):1775-1776.
- 4. Kazanci H. Turkey eases COVID-19 curfew for 65+, youngsters. Available from: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/turkey-eases-covid-19-curfew-for-65- youngsters/1831723
- 5. Besdine RW. Introduction to geriatrics. Merck Manual Professional Version. [cited 2021 April 30] Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/approach-to-the- geriatric-patient/introduction-to-geriatrics
- 6. Liu X, Luo WT, Li Y, Li CN, Hong ZS, Chen HL, et al. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):58
- 7. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):779- 788.
- 8. Segal D.L., Granier K.L., Pifer M.A., Stone L.E. Geriatric Anxiety Scale. In: Gu D., Dupre M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. 2019:1-7
- 9. Sanal-Karahan F, Hamarta E, Karahan AY. The Turkish adaptation and psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale. Ment Illn. 2018; 10:1-5
- 10. Santini ZI, Jose PE, York Cornwell E, Koyanagi A, Nielsen L, Hinrichsen C, et al. Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Jan;5(1): e62-e70
- 11. Meng H, Xu Y, Dai J, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yang H. Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 289:112983.
- 12. Qiu J., Shen B., Zhao M., Wang Z., Xie B., Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen. Psych. 2020;33(2): e100213.
- 13. Maggi G., Baldassarre I., Barbaro A., Cavallo N.D., Cropano M., Nappo R., et al. Mental health status of Italian elderly subjects during and after quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Psychogeriatrics, 2021; 21: 540-551.
- 14. García-Fernández L, Romero-Ferreiro V, López-Roldán PD, Padilla S, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Mental Health in Elderly Spanish People in Times of COVID-19 Outbreak, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2020;28(10);1040-1045.
- 15. Nwachukwu I, Nkire N, Shalaby R, Hrabok M, Vuong W, Gusnowski A, et al. COVID-19 Pandemic: Age-Related Differences in Measures of Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6366.
- 16. Das S., Arun P., Rohilla R., Prasar K., Roy A. Anxiety and depression in the elderly due to COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 2021;28(67).
- 17. Losada-Baltar A, Márquez-González M, Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Pedroso- Chaparro MDS, Gallego-Alberto L, Fernandes-Pires J. Differences in anxiety, sadness, loneliness and comorbid anxiety and sadness as a function of age and self-perceptions of aging during the lock-out period due to COVID-19. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2020;55(5):272-278.
- 18. Coughlin, S.S. Anxiety and Depression: Linkages with Viral Diseases. Public Health Rev 2012;34(2):7.
- 19. Grammatikopoulos I., Koutentakis C. Social activity and participation as determinants of anxiety and depression among elderly in primary care. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:137.
- 20. Sirin H, Ahmadi AA, Ketrez G, Ozbeyaz C, Dikmen AU, Ozkan S. Assessment of anxiety in elderly population during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of compulsory homestay in the central districts of Ankara, Turkey: A quantitative, qualitative mixed method study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(11):1785-1794.
- 21. Yildirim H, Isik K, Aylaz R. The effect of anxiety levels of elderly people in quarantine on depression during covid-19 pandemic. Soc Work Public Health. 2021;36(2):194-204.
- 22. Hyland P, Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Karatzias T, Bentall RP, et al. Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020;142(3):249-256.
- 23. Robb CE, de Jager CA, Ahmadi-Abhari S, Giannakopoulou P, Udeh-Momoh C, McKeand J, et al. Associations of Social Isolation with Anxiety and Depression During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Older Adults in London, UK. Front. Psychiatry 2020; 11:591120.
- 24. Lábadi B, Arató N, Budai T, Inhóf O, Stecina DT, Sík A, et al. Psychological well-being and coping strategies of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. Aging Ment Health. 2022 Mar 29; 26(3):570-577.
- 25. Guner TA, Erdogan Z, Demir I. The Effect of Loneliness on Death Anxiety in the Elderly During the COVID-19 Pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 20]. Omega (Westport). 2021;302228211010587.
- 26. Rahman, S., Afroze,L., Rahman, S. COVID-19 Pandemic and Older People in Bangladesh. Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal 2020;2(3):83-84.
- 27. Alsharji KE. Anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait: the importance of physical activity. Middle East Current Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. 2020;27(1):60.
- 28. Yurumez Korkmaz B, Gemci E, Cosarderelioglu C, Yigit S, Atmis V, Yalcin A, et al. Attitudes of a geriatric population towards risks about COVID-19 pandemic: in the context of anxiety and depression. Psychogeriatrics. 2021 Sep;21(5):730-737.
- 29. McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(8):1027-1035.
- 30. Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn M, Seeley JR, Allen NB. Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107(1):109–117.
Geriatrik Populasyonun Pandemi Dönemindeki Anksiyete Düzeylerinin Takibi
Year 2024,
Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 249 - 258
Öznur Kübra Odabaş
,
Ezgi Ağadayı
,
Duygu Ayhan Başer
Abstract
Amaç: Dünyada pandemiye sebep olan COVID-19 virusu 2020 yılı başlarında ülkemizde görülmeye başlanmıs, zamanla vaka sayılarında artış yaşanmıştır. Virus yayılımının hızlandığı dönemde 65 yaş ve üstü populasyonda dışarı çıkma yasağı uygulanmıştır. Bu çalısmada hem pandeminin hem de dışarı çıkma yasağının yaşlılarda oluşturmuş olabileceği anksiyete durumu, anksiyete seviyesinin zaman içindeki değisimi ve anksiyeteyi etkileyen faktörler incelenmistir.
Metod: Bir aile sağligi merkezine kayitli olan 65 yaş üstü hastalar pandemi başında, 15 gün sonra ve 6 ay sonra, kayıtlı oldukları aile hekimleri tarafından aranarak bilgileri alınmışi onamları alınan kişilere Geriatrik anksiyete skalası uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: İlk yapılan Geriatrik anksiyete skalası skoru 1.0 ± 2.4, ikinci sonuç 0.5 ± 2.1, üçüncü sonuç ise 0.3 ± 1.8 idi. Ölçümler arasında anlamlı değişiklik saptandı (p= 0.002).
Sonuç: Örneklemimizin total anksiyete skoru düşüktü ve aralıklı yapılan ölçümler arasında anlamlı değişiklik saptandı. Cinsiyet, eğitim durumu, yalnız yaşama, yaşanan ev tipi anksiyeteyi etkileyen faktörler olarak saptandı.
References
- 1. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2011;81:85-164.
- 2. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20; 382(8):727–733.
- 3. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020 May 12; 323(18):1775-1776.
- 4. Kazanci H. Turkey eases COVID-19 curfew for 65+, youngsters. Available from: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/turkey-eases-covid-19-curfew-for-65- youngsters/1831723
- 5. Besdine RW. Introduction to geriatrics. Merck Manual Professional Version. [cited 2021 April 30] Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/approach-to-the- geriatric-patient/introduction-to-geriatrics
- 6. Liu X, Luo WT, Li Y, Li CN, Hong ZS, Chen HL, et al. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):58
- 7. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):779- 788.
- 8. Segal D.L., Granier K.L., Pifer M.A., Stone L.E. Geriatric Anxiety Scale. In: Gu D., Dupre M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. 2019:1-7
- 9. Sanal-Karahan F, Hamarta E, Karahan AY. The Turkish adaptation and psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale. Ment Illn. 2018; 10:1-5
- 10. Santini ZI, Jose PE, York Cornwell E, Koyanagi A, Nielsen L, Hinrichsen C, et al. Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Jan;5(1): e62-e70
- 11. Meng H, Xu Y, Dai J, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yang H. Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 289:112983.
- 12. Qiu J., Shen B., Zhao M., Wang Z., Xie B., Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen. Psych. 2020;33(2): e100213.
- 13. Maggi G., Baldassarre I., Barbaro A., Cavallo N.D., Cropano M., Nappo R., et al. Mental health status of Italian elderly subjects during and after quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Psychogeriatrics, 2021; 21: 540-551.
- 14. García-Fernández L, Romero-Ferreiro V, López-Roldán PD, Padilla S, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Mental Health in Elderly Spanish People in Times of COVID-19 Outbreak, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2020;28(10);1040-1045.
- 15. Nwachukwu I, Nkire N, Shalaby R, Hrabok M, Vuong W, Gusnowski A, et al. COVID-19 Pandemic: Age-Related Differences in Measures of Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6366.
- 16. Das S., Arun P., Rohilla R., Prasar K., Roy A. Anxiety and depression in the elderly due to COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 2021;28(67).
- 17. Losada-Baltar A, Márquez-González M, Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Pedroso- Chaparro MDS, Gallego-Alberto L, Fernandes-Pires J. Differences in anxiety, sadness, loneliness and comorbid anxiety and sadness as a function of age and self-perceptions of aging during the lock-out period due to COVID-19. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2020;55(5):272-278.
- 18. Coughlin, S.S. Anxiety and Depression: Linkages with Viral Diseases. Public Health Rev 2012;34(2):7.
- 19. Grammatikopoulos I., Koutentakis C. Social activity and participation as determinants of anxiety and depression among elderly in primary care. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:137.
- 20. Sirin H, Ahmadi AA, Ketrez G, Ozbeyaz C, Dikmen AU, Ozkan S. Assessment of anxiety in elderly population during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of compulsory homestay in the central districts of Ankara, Turkey: A quantitative, qualitative mixed method study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(11):1785-1794.
- 21. Yildirim H, Isik K, Aylaz R. The effect of anxiety levels of elderly people in quarantine on depression during covid-19 pandemic. Soc Work Public Health. 2021;36(2):194-204.
- 22. Hyland P, Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Karatzias T, Bentall RP, et al. Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020;142(3):249-256.
- 23. Robb CE, de Jager CA, Ahmadi-Abhari S, Giannakopoulou P, Udeh-Momoh C, McKeand J, et al. Associations of Social Isolation with Anxiety and Depression During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Older Adults in London, UK. Front. Psychiatry 2020; 11:591120.
- 24. Lábadi B, Arató N, Budai T, Inhóf O, Stecina DT, Sík A, et al. Psychological well-being and coping strategies of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. Aging Ment Health. 2022 Mar 29; 26(3):570-577.
- 25. Guner TA, Erdogan Z, Demir I. The Effect of Loneliness on Death Anxiety in the Elderly During the COVID-19 Pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 20]. Omega (Westport). 2021;302228211010587.
- 26. Rahman, S., Afroze,L., Rahman, S. COVID-19 Pandemic and Older People in Bangladesh. Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal 2020;2(3):83-84.
- 27. Alsharji KE. Anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait: the importance of physical activity. Middle East Current Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. 2020;27(1):60.
- 28. Yurumez Korkmaz B, Gemci E, Cosarderelioglu C, Yigit S, Atmis V, Yalcin A, et al. Attitudes of a geriatric population towards risks about COVID-19 pandemic: in the context of anxiety and depression. Psychogeriatrics. 2021 Sep;21(5):730-737.
- 29. McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(8):1027-1035.
- 30. Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn M, Seeley JR, Allen NB. Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107(1):109–117.