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ADAPTATION OF THE MONKEYPOX FEAR SCALE INTO TURKISH: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Year 2025, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 369 - 377
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1723872

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to adapt the Monkeypox Fear Scale into Turkish and to examine its validity and reliability.
Methods: The scale was adapted into Turkish through a forward–backward translation method, expert opinions were obtained, and a pilot application was conducted. Data were collected online from 277 university students using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Monkeypox Fear Scale, and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and LISREL 8.80. For validity, language validity, construct validity, and convergent validity were assessed; for reliability, test–retest and internal consistency analyses were conducted.
Results: The internal consistency of the scale was found to be high (Cronbach's α=.910 for Factor 1; Cronbach's α=.897 for Factor 2 and Cronbach's α=.919 for the total scale). The test–retest correlation was .827 (p<.001), indicating temporal stability. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a strong model–data fit (CFI=.99, RMSEA = .054). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between fear of monkeypox virus and fear of COVID-19 (r= .656, p=.001), supporting convergent validity.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Turkish version of the Monkeypox Fear Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. It is recommended that the scale be used in public health practices such as psychosocial intervention planning and mental health screenings related to monkeypox virus transmission.

Ethical Statement

This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to data collection, written permission to adapt the MFS into Turkish was obtained from Caycho-Rodríguez et al., after the study's purpose was explained. Ethical approval was granted by the OOO University Social and Human Sciences and Arts Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before completing the questionnaire.

Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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References

  • 1. World Health Organization. WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 Nov 28 [cited 2025 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease
  • 2. Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
  • 3. Caycho-Rodríguez T, Vilca LW, Carbajal-León C, Gallegos M, Reyes-Bossio M, Noe-Grijalva M, et al. The Monkeypox Fear Scale: development and initial validation in a Peruvian sample. BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):280. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00997-0
  • 4. Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN, Rizk Y. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 2022;82(9):957-63. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01742-y
  • 5. Gessain A, Nakoune E, Yazdanpanah Y. Monkeypox. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(19):1783-93. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2208860
  • 6. Harapan H, Ophinni Y, Megawati D, Frediansyah A, Mamada SS, Salampe M, et al. Monkeypox: a comprehensive review. Viruses. 2022;14(10):2155. doi:10.3390/v14102155
  • 7. Sudarmaji N, Kifli N, Hermansyah A, Yeoh SF, Goh BH, Ming LC. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Viruses. 2022;14(11):2496. doi:10.3390/v14112496
  • 8. Masirika LM, Udahemuka JC, Schuele L, Ndishimye P, Otani S, Mbiribindi JB, et al. Ongoing monkeypox outbreak in Kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with monkeypox virus of a novel Clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(11):2400106. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106
  • 9. Treutiger CJ, Filén F, Rehn M, Aarum J, Jacks A, Gisslén M, et al. First case of monkeypox with monkeypox virus clade Ib outside Africa in a returning traveller, Sweden, August 2024: public health measures. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(48):2400740. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.48.2400740
  • 10. Bayrak H. Monkeypox virus; epidemiology of the world and Turkey. J Biotechnol Strateg Health Res. 2022;6(2):75-80. doi:10.34084/bshr.1160542
  • 11. Caycho-Rodríguez T, Ventura-León J, Carbajal-León C, Vilca LW, Gallegos M, Delgado-Campusano M, et al. Fear of monkeypox and intention to vaccinate against monkeypox: a network analysis. Med Clin Soc. 2024;8(2):186-97. doi:10.52379/mcs.v8i2.403
  • 12. Sarıkaya B. Dijital çağda dezenformasyon: X'te Maymun Çiçeği Virüsü. TRT Akademi. 2025;10(23):304-29. doi:10.37679/trta.1564114
  • 13. Green EC, Murphy EM, Gryboski K. The health belief model. In: Sweeny K, Robbins ML, Cohen LM, editors. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; 2020. p. 211–214. doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch68.
  • 14. Jaleel A, Farid G, Irfan H, Mahmood K, Baig S. A systematic review on the mental health status of patients infected with monkeypox virus. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;35(2):107. doi:10.5765/jkacap.230064
  • 15. Neuman WL. Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri: nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar. Cilt 1. Ankara: Yayınodası; 2009.
  • 16. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;20:1537–1545. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • 17. Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19:1980–1988. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • 18. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited; 2013.
  • 19. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Pearson; 2007.
  • 20. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge; 2016.
  • 21. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 1993.
  • 22. Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness of fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1984;49:155–173. doi:10.1007/BF02294170
  • 23. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6:1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • 24. Lin CY, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Lin CW, Yen CF. Psychometric properties of the Fear of Monkeypox Scale among men who have sex with men. Taiwan J Psychiatry. 2024;38(4):193–197. doi:10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_34_24
  • 25. Walsh-Buhi ML, Houghton RF, Valdez D, Walsh-Buhi ER. A theory-based assessment of monkeypox: Findings from a nationally representative survey of US adults. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0299599. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299599
  • 26. Anthonj C, Setty KE, Ferrero G, et al. Do health risk perceptions motivate water-and health-related behaviour? A systematic literature review. Sci Total Environ. 2022;819:152902. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152902

MAYMUN ÇİÇEĞİ VİRÜSÜ KORKUSU ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Year 2025, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 369 - 377
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1723872

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Maymun Çiçeği Virüsü Korkusu Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve geçerlik-güvenirlik çalışmasının yapılmasıdır.
Yöntem: Ölçek, ileri-geri çeviri yöntemiyle Türkçeye uyarlanmış, uzman görüşü alınmış ve pilot uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler sosyodemografik soru formu, Maymun Çiçeği Virüsü Korkusu Ölçeği ve COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği kullanılarak 277 üniversite öğrencisinden çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS 25.0 ve LISREL 8.80 ile analiz edilmiştir. Geçerlik için dil geçerliği, yapı geçerliği ve benzer ölçek geçerliği; güvenirlik için test-tekrar test ve iç tutarlılık analizleri yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı yüksek bulunmuştur (Faktör 1 için Cronbach α=.910; Faktör 2 için Cronbach α=.897 ve Ölçeğin Tamamı için Cronbach α=.919). Test-tekrar test korelasyonu .827 olup (p<.001) zaman içindeki tutarlılığı göstermektedir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda model-veri uyumu güçlü bulunmuştur (CFI=.99, RMSEA=.054). Ayrıca, Maymun Çiçeği Korkusu ile COVID-19 Korkusu arasında anlamlı bir pozitif ilişki bulunmuştur (r= .656, p=.001), bu durum benzer ölçek geçerliğini desteklemektedir.
Sonuç: Elde edilen bulgular, Maymun Çiçeği Virüsü Korkusu Ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ölçeğin, maymun çiçeği virüsü bulaşına yönelik psikososyal müdahale planlaması ve ruh sağlığı taramaları gibi halk sağlığı uygulamalarında kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Helsinki Bildirgesi’ne uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama öncesinde, çalışmanın amacı açıklandıktan sonra MFS ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması için Caycho-Rodríguez ve arkadaşlarından yazılı izin alınmıştır. Etik onay, OOO Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler ile Sanat Etik Kurulu tarafından verilmiştir. Anketi doldurmadan önce tüm katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 Nov 28 [cited 2025 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease
  • 2. Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
  • 3. Caycho-Rodríguez T, Vilca LW, Carbajal-León C, Gallegos M, Reyes-Bossio M, Noe-Grijalva M, et al. The Monkeypox Fear Scale: development and initial validation in a Peruvian sample. BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):280. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00997-0
  • 4. Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN, Rizk Y. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 2022;82(9):957-63. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01742-y
  • 5. Gessain A, Nakoune E, Yazdanpanah Y. Monkeypox. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(19):1783-93. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2208860
  • 6. Harapan H, Ophinni Y, Megawati D, Frediansyah A, Mamada SS, Salampe M, et al. Monkeypox: a comprehensive review. Viruses. 2022;14(10):2155. doi:10.3390/v14102155
  • 7. Sudarmaji N, Kifli N, Hermansyah A, Yeoh SF, Goh BH, Ming LC. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Viruses. 2022;14(11):2496. doi:10.3390/v14112496
  • 8. Masirika LM, Udahemuka JC, Schuele L, Ndishimye P, Otani S, Mbiribindi JB, et al. Ongoing monkeypox outbreak in Kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with monkeypox virus of a novel Clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(11):2400106. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106
  • 9. Treutiger CJ, Filén F, Rehn M, Aarum J, Jacks A, Gisslén M, et al. First case of monkeypox with monkeypox virus clade Ib outside Africa in a returning traveller, Sweden, August 2024: public health measures. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(48):2400740. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.48.2400740
  • 10. Bayrak H. Monkeypox virus; epidemiology of the world and Turkey. J Biotechnol Strateg Health Res. 2022;6(2):75-80. doi:10.34084/bshr.1160542
  • 11. Caycho-Rodríguez T, Ventura-León J, Carbajal-León C, Vilca LW, Gallegos M, Delgado-Campusano M, et al. Fear of monkeypox and intention to vaccinate against monkeypox: a network analysis. Med Clin Soc. 2024;8(2):186-97. doi:10.52379/mcs.v8i2.403
  • 12. Sarıkaya B. Dijital çağda dezenformasyon: X'te Maymun Çiçeği Virüsü. TRT Akademi. 2025;10(23):304-29. doi:10.37679/trta.1564114
  • 13. Green EC, Murphy EM, Gryboski K. The health belief model. In: Sweeny K, Robbins ML, Cohen LM, editors. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; 2020. p. 211–214. doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch68.
  • 14. Jaleel A, Farid G, Irfan H, Mahmood K, Baig S. A systematic review on the mental health status of patients infected with monkeypox virus. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;35(2):107. doi:10.5765/jkacap.230064
  • 15. Neuman WL. Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri: nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar. Cilt 1. Ankara: Yayınodası; 2009.
  • 16. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;20:1537–1545. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • 17. Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19:1980–1988. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • 18. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited; 2013.
  • 19. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Pearson; 2007.
  • 20. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge; 2016.
  • 21. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 1993.
  • 22. Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness of fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1984;49:155–173. doi:10.1007/BF02294170
  • 23. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6:1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • 24. Lin CY, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Lin CW, Yen CF. Psychometric properties of the Fear of Monkeypox Scale among men who have sex with men. Taiwan J Psychiatry. 2024;38(4):193–197. doi:10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_34_24
  • 25. Walsh-Buhi ML, Houghton RF, Valdez D, Walsh-Buhi ER. A theory-based assessment of monkeypox: Findings from a nationally representative survey of US adults. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0299599. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299599
  • 26. Anthonj C, Setty KE, Ferrero G, et al. Do health risk perceptions motivate water-and health-related behaviour? A systematic literature review. Sci Total Environ. 2022;819:152902. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152902
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Determinants of Health, Public Health (Other), Family Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gül Karahan Çoban 0000-0002-0323-3876

Merve Deniz Pak Güre 0000-0001-7060-3729

Cengiz Kılıç 0000-0003-1640-0132

Mustafa Karataş 0000-0002-0998-2552

Metin Pişkin 0000-0003-3555-636X

Veli Duyan 0000-0003-4316-5756

Early Pub Date December 2, 2025
Publication Date December 3, 2025
Submission Date June 20, 2025
Acceptance Date September 11, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 19 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Karahan Çoban G, Pak Güre MD, Kılıç C, Karataş M, Pişkin M, Duyan V. ADAPTATION OF THE MONKEYPOX FEAR SCALE INTO TURKISH: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY. TJFMPC. 2025;19(4):369-77.

English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome. 


Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care © 2024 by Academy of Family Medicine Association is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0