Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 12.07.2024

Abstract

References

  • Al-Shammari, S.H.G. (2022). Air Pollution in the City of Baghdad (Al-Rusafa) after 2003 AD: Causes and Solutions. Journal of Tikrit University for the Humanities, 29(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.29.4.2022.16
  • Alfatlawi, A.M.L. and Abas, N.M.A.A.( 2012). Exploration of lead, cadmium, and copper in street dust of Baghdad city. Iraqi National Journal of Chemistry, 48, pp.424-434.
  • Al-Azzawi, M.N. and Al-Dulaimi, S.H., (2015). Measuring the concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter and some heavy metals in air of two areas of Rusafa in Baghdad. Iraqi J. of Sci., 56(1B), pp.361-366.
  • Fadhel, M.A. and Abdulhussein, F.M. (2022). Assessment of the Contamination of Baghdad Soils with Lead Element. The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp.166-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1F.14Ms-2022-06-29
  • Aenab, A.M., Singh, S.K. and Lafta, A.J. (2013). Critical assessment of air pollution by ANOVA test and human health effects. Atmospheric Environment, 71, pp.84-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.039
  • Nada, A.F., Al-Azzawi, M.N. and Afaj, A.H. 2015. Indoor Air Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Two Shisha Smoke Cafés in Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Science, 56(2B), pp.1359-1365.
  • Hassoon, H.A. (2019). Determination of Lead Levels in Fuel Used for Vehicles in Baghdad City. Iraqi Journal of Science, pp.2629-2635. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.24996/ ijs.2019.60.12.11.
  • J. Wiegand and S. Feige, (2002). “Toron: ignored and underestimated in the big shadow of radon—an example from China,” Geofsica Internacional, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 261–264.
  • EPA (2012). Environmental Protection Agency ”A Citizen’s Guide to Radon The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family from Radon” Indoor Environments Division (6609J) EP 402/K-12/002
  • IARC (2001). Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; Ionizing Radiation, Part2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides. IARC Monographs the Evaluation of Carcinogeni Risks to Humans, No. 78.
  • Obayes, K.H. and Oudah, O.N. (2022). The Measurement of Radon Concentration in the Buildings of the College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq Using CR-39 Detector. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 21(2),pp.669-674. https://doi. org/10.46488/NEPT.2022.v21i02.026.
  • Najam, L.A., Ebrahiem, S.A., Abbas, S.A. and Mahdi, H.A. (2018). Assessment of radon gas concentrations levels and radiation hazards in the dwellings of Baghdad province, Iraq. Rasayan J. Chem, 11(1), pp.37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/RJC.2018.1111696.
  • Ahmed, F.H., Mhana, W.J., Hassan, S.F. and Mansour, H.L. (2019). Indoor Radon Concentrations Measurements for Selected Dwellings in Some Baghdad Districts–Iraq. 5, p.7. http://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v30i3.608.
  • Hashim, A.K., Hmood, A.N., Ashoor, N.I. and Hammood, M.N. (2020). November. Radiation Hazards due to radon in the air of Buildings Surrounding Imam Hussain Holy Shrine in Karbala, Iraq. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 928, No. 7, p. 072152). IOP Publishing.
  • Al-Bakhat, Y.M.Z. (2017). Measurement of indoor radon levels and assessment of radiological hazards at Al- Tuwaitha nuclear site and the surrounding area. Iraqi Journal of Physics, 15(35), pp.14-23.
  • Clemenza, M., Fiorini, E., Previtali, E. and Sala, E. (2011). Measurement of airborne 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs nuclides due to the Fukushima reactors accident in air particulate in Milan (Italy).arXivpreprintarXiv:1106.4226. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1106.4226.
  • Fushimi, K., Nakayama, S., Sakama, M. and Sakaguchi, Y. (2011). Measurement of airborne radioactivity from the Fukushima reactor accident in Tokushima, Japan. arXiv preprint arXiv:1104.3611. https://doi. org/10.48550/arXiv.1104.3611.
  • Tourang, M., Hadadi, A., Athari Allaf, M. and Sardari, D. (2021). A proposal to design a new high volume standard air filter for efficiency calibration of HPGe detector. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 327, pp.345-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10967-020-07499-6.
  • Ram K, Sarin MM (2012) Atmospheric 210Pb, 210Po and 210Po/210Pb activity ratio in urban aerosols: temporal variability and impact of biomass burning emission. Tellus Ser B Chem Phys Meteorol 64(1): 17513. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.17513.
  • Bem, H., Bem, E., Krzemińska, M. and Ostrowska, M. ( 2002). Determination of radioactivity in air filters by alpha and gamma spectrometry. Nukleonika, 47(2), pp.87-91.
  • Achilleos S, Al-Ozairi E, Alahmad B, Garshick E, Neophytou AM, Bouhamra W, Koutrakis P (2019). Acute effects of air pollution on mortality: a 17-year analysis in Kuwait. Environ Int 126:476–483. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.072.
  • Jancsek-Turóczi B, Hoffer A, Nyírő-Kósa I, Gelencsér A (2013). Sampling and characterization of resuspended and respirable road dust. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jaerosci.2013.07.006.
  • Vijay, S. and Wang, J. (2022). Health benefit/burden, PM2. 5 removal effectiveness, and power consumption based comparison of common residential air-cleaning technologies in the United States. Indoor air, 32(7), p.e13080. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13080.
  • Parker, D.S., Sherwin, J.R., Raustad, R.A. and Shirey III, D.B. (1997). Impact of evaporator coil airflow in residential air-conditioning systems. Transactions- American Society Of Heating Refrigerating And Air Conditioning Engineers, 103, pp.395-405.
  • Vallés, I., Camacho, A., Ortega, X., Serrano, I., Blázquez, S. and Pérez, S. (2009). Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in airborne particulate samples collected in Barcelona (Spain). Journal ofenvironmental radioactivity, 100(2), pp.102-107. https:// doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.10.009.
  • International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP). (1975). "Report of the Task Group on Reference Man," No. 23. Pergamon, New York.
  • International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP). (2006]. “Assessing Dose of the Representative Person for the Purpose of the Radiation Protection of the Public” ICRP Publication 101a. Ann. ICRP 36 (3).
  • United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000). Source and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations, New York.
  • ICRP, International Commission on Radiological Protection (1996) Age-Dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides. Part 5: Compilation of Ingestion and Inhalation Dose Coefficients. ICRP Publication 72, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 12.07.2024

Abstract

The increasing population in the Baghdad governorate, the capital of Iraq is the main reason for increasing air pollution. This amount of population requires transportation means, diesel generators in the cities added to the already installed electrical power plant, oil refineries, and other sources of pollution. This study focuses on analyzing radioactivity in air samples of different locations in Baghdad city using a new method for air sampling. The air conditioner (AC) filters are considered as air sampler filters. The results showed that Dora City - Altuama has the highest levels of NORM concentration (564.8 µBq.m-3) near Al-Dora petroleum refinery/thermal power plant in the south of Baghdad while the lowest was in Karradah City (204.9 µBq.m-3). In contribution to the annual effective dose due to inhalation of normal indoor air inside residences. The study reveals that a human could be exposed to about 104 µSv.yr-1 in the Dora City - Altuama region. The mean annual dose for the thirteen location is about 6.1% of the annual dose limit for the public (1 mSv.yr-1).

References

  • Al-Shammari, S.H.G. (2022). Air Pollution in the City of Baghdad (Al-Rusafa) after 2003 AD: Causes and Solutions. Journal of Tikrit University for the Humanities, 29(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.29.4.2022.16
  • Alfatlawi, A.M.L. and Abas, N.M.A.A.( 2012). Exploration of lead, cadmium, and copper in street dust of Baghdad city. Iraqi National Journal of Chemistry, 48, pp.424-434.
  • Al-Azzawi, M.N. and Al-Dulaimi, S.H., (2015). Measuring the concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter and some heavy metals in air of two areas of Rusafa in Baghdad. Iraqi J. of Sci., 56(1B), pp.361-366.
  • Fadhel, M.A. and Abdulhussein, F.M. (2022). Assessment of the Contamination of Baghdad Soils with Lead Element. The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp.166-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1F.14Ms-2022-06-29
  • Aenab, A.M., Singh, S.K. and Lafta, A.J. (2013). Critical assessment of air pollution by ANOVA test and human health effects. Atmospheric Environment, 71, pp.84-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.039
  • Nada, A.F., Al-Azzawi, M.N. and Afaj, A.H. 2015. Indoor Air Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Two Shisha Smoke Cafés in Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Science, 56(2B), pp.1359-1365.
  • Hassoon, H.A. (2019). Determination of Lead Levels in Fuel Used for Vehicles in Baghdad City. Iraqi Journal of Science, pp.2629-2635. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.24996/ ijs.2019.60.12.11.
  • J. Wiegand and S. Feige, (2002). “Toron: ignored and underestimated in the big shadow of radon—an example from China,” Geofsica Internacional, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 261–264.
  • EPA (2012). Environmental Protection Agency ”A Citizen’s Guide to Radon The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family from Radon” Indoor Environments Division (6609J) EP 402/K-12/002
  • IARC (2001). Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; Ionizing Radiation, Part2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides. IARC Monographs the Evaluation of Carcinogeni Risks to Humans, No. 78.
  • Obayes, K.H. and Oudah, O.N. (2022). The Measurement of Radon Concentration in the Buildings of the College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq Using CR-39 Detector. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 21(2),pp.669-674. https://doi. org/10.46488/NEPT.2022.v21i02.026.
  • Najam, L.A., Ebrahiem, S.A., Abbas, S.A. and Mahdi, H.A. (2018). Assessment of radon gas concentrations levels and radiation hazards in the dwellings of Baghdad province, Iraq. Rasayan J. Chem, 11(1), pp.37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/RJC.2018.1111696.
  • Ahmed, F.H., Mhana, W.J., Hassan, S.F. and Mansour, H.L. (2019). Indoor Radon Concentrations Measurements for Selected Dwellings in Some Baghdad Districts–Iraq. 5, p.7. http://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v30i3.608.
  • Hashim, A.K., Hmood, A.N., Ashoor, N.I. and Hammood, M.N. (2020). November. Radiation Hazards due to radon in the air of Buildings Surrounding Imam Hussain Holy Shrine in Karbala, Iraq. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 928, No. 7, p. 072152). IOP Publishing.
  • Al-Bakhat, Y.M.Z. (2017). Measurement of indoor radon levels and assessment of radiological hazards at Al- Tuwaitha nuclear site and the surrounding area. Iraqi Journal of Physics, 15(35), pp.14-23.
  • Clemenza, M., Fiorini, E., Previtali, E. and Sala, E. (2011). Measurement of airborne 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs nuclides due to the Fukushima reactors accident in air particulate in Milan (Italy).arXivpreprintarXiv:1106.4226. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1106.4226.
  • Fushimi, K., Nakayama, S., Sakama, M. and Sakaguchi, Y. (2011). Measurement of airborne radioactivity from the Fukushima reactor accident in Tokushima, Japan. arXiv preprint arXiv:1104.3611. https://doi. org/10.48550/arXiv.1104.3611.
  • Tourang, M., Hadadi, A., Athari Allaf, M. and Sardari, D. (2021). A proposal to design a new high volume standard air filter for efficiency calibration of HPGe detector. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 327, pp.345-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10967-020-07499-6.
  • Ram K, Sarin MM (2012) Atmospheric 210Pb, 210Po and 210Po/210Pb activity ratio in urban aerosols: temporal variability and impact of biomass burning emission. Tellus Ser B Chem Phys Meteorol 64(1): 17513. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.17513.
  • Bem, H., Bem, E., Krzemińska, M. and Ostrowska, M. ( 2002). Determination of radioactivity in air filters by alpha and gamma spectrometry. Nukleonika, 47(2), pp.87-91.
  • Achilleos S, Al-Ozairi E, Alahmad B, Garshick E, Neophytou AM, Bouhamra W, Koutrakis P (2019). Acute effects of air pollution on mortality: a 17-year analysis in Kuwait. Environ Int 126:476–483. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.072.
  • Jancsek-Turóczi B, Hoffer A, Nyírő-Kósa I, Gelencsér A (2013). Sampling and characterization of resuspended and respirable road dust. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jaerosci.2013.07.006.
  • Vijay, S. and Wang, J. (2022). Health benefit/burden, PM2. 5 removal effectiveness, and power consumption based comparison of common residential air-cleaning technologies in the United States. Indoor air, 32(7), p.e13080. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13080.
  • Parker, D.S., Sherwin, J.R., Raustad, R.A. and Shirey III, D.B. (1997). Impact of evaporator coil airflow in residential air-conditioning systems. Transactions- American Society Of Heating Refrigerating And Air Conditioning Engineers, 103, pp.395-405.
  • Vallés, I., Camacho, A., Ortega, X., Serrano, I., Blázquez, S. and Pérez, S. (2009). Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in airborne particulate samples collected in Barcelona (Spain). Journal ofenvironmental radioactivity, 100(2), pp.102-107. https:// doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.10.009.
  • International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP). (1975). "Report of the Task Group on Reference Man," No. 23. Pergamon, New York.
  • International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP). (2006]. “Assessing Dose of the Representative Person for the Purpose of the Radiation Protection of the Public” ICRP Publication 101a. Ann. ICRP 36 (3).
  • United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000). Source and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations, New York.
  • ICRP, International Commission on Radiological Protection (1996) Age-Dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides. Part 5: Compilation of Ingestion and Inhalation Dose Coefficients. ICRP Publication 72, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Metrology, Applied and Industrial Physics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Akram Alkhazzar

Hassan Hamza This is me

Rand Al-dulaimi This is me

Publication Date July 12, 2024
Submission Date April 17, 2024
Acceptance Date July 10, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 37 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alkhazzar, A., Hamza, H., & Al-dulaimi, R. (2024). Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences, 37(1), 1-6.
AMA Alkhazzar A, Hamza H, Al-dulaimi R. Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences. July 2024;37(1):1-6.
Chicago Alkhazzar, Akram, Hassan Hamza, and Rand Al-dulaimi. “Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City”. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences 37, no. 1 (July 2024): 1-6.
EndNote Alkhazzar A, Hamza H, Al-dulaimi R (July 1, 2024) Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences 37 1 1–6.
IEEE A. Alkhazzar, H. Hamza, and R. Al-dulaimi, “Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City”, Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2024.
ISNAD Alkhazzar, Akram et al. “Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City”. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences 37/1 (July 2024), 1-6.
JAMA Alkhazzar A, Hamza H, Al-dulaimi R. Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2024;37:1–6.
MLA Alkhazzar, Akram et al. “Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City”. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, 2024, pp. 1-6.
Vancouver Alkhazzar A, Hamza H, Al-dulaimi R. Natural Radioactivity Concentrations in Air Samples in Baghdad City. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2024;37(1):1-6.