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İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi

Year 2023, , 71 - 86, 15.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1106798

Abstract

Amaç: Çocukluktaki iyi sağlık algısının erişkinlik dönemi dahil sürdürülmesine etki eden dolaylı ve dolaysız risk faktörlerini incelemektir. Yaşam seyri epidemiyolojisi teorik arka plan sağlamıştır. Buna göre sağlık, doğumla başlayıp çocukluk ve yetişkinliğin tümü boyunca tecrübe edilen sosyal ve biyolojik süreçlerden bir bütün olarak etkilenmektedir.

Yöntem: Nicel veri kaynağı olarak Avrupa Sağlık, Yaşlanma ve Emeklilik Araştırması (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, SHARE) kullanılmıştır (n=15128). Retrospektif veri sayesinde: 1) 0-15 yaş dönemi için iyi olarak algılanan sağlığın 50+ erişkinlik döneminde algılanan sağlığa kadar nasıl dönüştüğünün (iyi kalma ya da kötüye dönme) incelenmesi, 2) Sağlığa etki etmesi beklenen risk faktörlerinin güncel durumla sınırlı olmadan yaşam seyrinin tümü boyunca (yaşamın herhangi bir döneminde sigara kullanmış olma gibi) değerlendirilmesi mümkün olmuştur. Tanımlayıcı analizlerin ardından hiyerarşik ikili lojistik regresyon analizi yürütülmüştür. Çoklu ortak doğrusallık varsayımı ihlal edilmemiştir. Hosmer ve Lemeshow uyum iyiliği testi, modeli desteklemektedir.

Bulgular: Post-sosyalist refah modeline kıyasla diğer üç refah modelinde (sosyal-demokrat, muhafazakâr-korporatist ve Akdeniz) yaşayan kişilerin 0-15 yaş iyi sağlık algısını 50+ dönem dahil sürdürmesi 2 kat fazladır. Düşük eğitim seviyesinin, hayatının herhangi bir döneminde ekonomik zorluk yaşamış olmanın, olumsuz çalışma koşullarının, fiziksel hareketsizlik ile preobez/obez olmanın ve göçmen olmanın iyi sağlık algısının sürdürülmesini olumsuz etkilediği görülmüştür. Sigara kullanma ve cinsiyet ise istatistiksel olarak anlamsız etkenler olmuştur.

Sonuç: Çocukluktaki iyi sağlık algısının yaşam seyri boyunca sürdürülmesi bireysel tercihler ve yaşam tarzı ile ilgili olduğu gibi, sosyal faktörlerden de etkilenmektedir. Nüfusun tümü eşit şartlarda yaşamadığı için iyi sağlığın sürdürülmesi, dezavantajlı gruplar için daha zordur

References

  • Köksal S. Epidemiyolojik Araştırma Yöntemleri Tanım, Sınıflama. Halk Sağlığı Ders Kitabı içinde. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi; 2008. s. 59-62.
  • Berkman LF, Kawachi I. A historical framework for social epidemiology. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 1-16.
  • Pearce N. Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health 1996; 86(5): 678-683.
  • Kuh D, Hardy R. A life course approach to women’s health: does the past predict the present? In Kuh D, Hardy R, editors. A Life Course Approach to Women’s Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 3-22
  • Millard AV. A causal model of high rates of child mortality. Soc. Sci. Med 1994; 38(2): 253-268.
  • Börsch-Supan A, Jürges H. The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe – Methodology. Mannheim: MEA. 2005.
  • Bergmann M, Bethmann A, De Luca G. Sampling Design in SHARE Wave 7. In Bergmann M, Scherpenzeel A, Börsch-Supan A, editors. SHARE Wave 7 Methodology: Panel Innovations and Life Histories. Munich: MEA, Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy; 2019. p. 81-88.
  • Pallant J. SPSS Kullanma Klavuzu: SPSS ile Adım Adım Veri Analizi. Balcı S, Ahi B, düzenleyen. Ankara: Anı, 2015.
  • Mehrbrodt T, Gruber S, Wagner M. SHARE Scales and Multi-Item Indicators. MEA. 2019.
  • Csajbók Z, Kagstrom A, Kåreholt I. et al. Sex differences in the association of childhood socioeconomic position and later-life depressive symptoms in Europe: the mediating effect of education. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56: 1091–1101.
  • Pakpahan E, Hoffmann R, Kröger H. The long arm of childhood circumstances on health in old age: Evidence from SHARELIFE. Advances in Life Course Research 2017; 31: 1-10.
  • Wahrendorf M, Blane D, Bartley M, Dragano N, Siegrist J. Working conditions in mid-life and mental health in odler ages. Advances in Life Course Research 2013; 18: 16-25.
  • Das M, Vis C, Weerman B. Developing the Survey Instruments for SHARE. In Börsch Supan A, Jürges H, editors. The Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe: Methodology Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA); 2005: p. 12-23.
  • De Vet E. The SHARE Data & Documentation Tool. In Bergmann M, Scherpenzeel A, Börsch-Supan A, editors. SHARE Wave 7 Methodology: Panel Innovations and Life Histories MEA, Max Plank Institute for Social Law and Social Policy; 2019: p. 191-193.
  • Kaplan GA. What’s wrong with social epidemiology, and how can we make it better? Epidemiologic Reviews 2004; 26: 124-135.
  • Newbold KB. Self-rated health within the Canadian immigrant population: risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 1359–70.
  • Adena M, Myck M. Poverty and transitions in health in later life. Social Science & Medicine 2014; 116: 202-210.
  • Keenan K, Grundy E. Fertility history and physical and mental health changes in European older adults. Eur J Population 2019; 35: 459-485.
  • Reus-Pons M, Mulder CH, Kibele EUB, Janssen F. Differences in the health transition patterns of migrants and non migrants aged 50 and older in southern and western Europe (2004-2015). BMC Medicine 2018; 16(57): 1-15.
  • Sand G. Migration and Well-Being of Older People in Europe. Doktora Tezi. Mannheim Üniversitesi. Fakultät Für Sozıalwıssenschaften, 2018.
  • Allison PD. Survival analysis usind SAS: A practical guide. Cary: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
  • Abuladze L, Kunder N, Lang K, Vaask S. Associations between self-rated health and health behaviour among older adults in Estonia: a cross- sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7: 1-9.
  • Rostila M, Nygard M, Nyqvist F. The role of welfare states and social capital for self-rated health among older Europeans. In Nyqvist F, Forsman A, Dordrecht K, editors. Social Capital as a Health Resource in Later Life: The Relevant of Context. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer; 2015: p. 206-229.
  • Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, Houtman I, Bongers P, Amick B. The Job Strain Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for international comparative assessment of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Heatlh Psychology 1998; 3(4): 322-355.
  • Siegrist J, Starke D, Chandola T, Godin I, Marmot M, Niedhammer I, Peter R. The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine 2004; 1483-1499.
  • 26. Wahrendorf M, Siegrist J. Working Conditions in Mid‐life and Participation in Voluntary Work After Labour Market Exit. In: Börsch-Supan A, Brandt M, Hank K, Schröder M, editors. The Individual and the Welfare State. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2011: p. 179-188.
  • Lanari D, Bussini O. International migration and health inequalities in later life. Ageing & Society 2012; 32: 935-962.
  • Hunkler C, Kneip T, Sand G, Schuth M. Growing old abroad: social and material deprivation among first- and second-generation migrants in Europe.In Börsch Supan A, Kneip T, Litwin H. et al. editors, Ageing in Europe- Supporting Policies for an Inclusive Society. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter; 2015: p. 199-208.
  • Engelhardt H, Buber I, Skirbekk V, Prskawetz A. Social involvement, behavioural risks and cognitive functioning among older people. Ageing and Society 2010; 30 (5): 779-809.
  • Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Faeh D, Santos-Eggimann B. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries. Preventive Medicine 2007; 44: 442-446.
  • Honjo, K. Social Epidemiology: Definition, History, and Research Examples. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2004; 9: 193–199.
  • Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Social Capital, Social Cohesion and Health. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014: p. 290-319.
  • Okechukwu C, Davison K, Emmons K. Changing Health Behaviours in a Social Context. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014: p. 365-395.
  • Glymour MM, Avendano M, Kawachi I. Socioeconomic Status and Health. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014: p. 17-62.
  • Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Almeida-Filho N. A glossary for health inequalities. J. Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56: 647-652.
  • Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellström T. Temel Epidemioloji. (Mollahaliloğlu S, Kosdak M, Çipil Z, Karaman D., çevirmen) Ankara: T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Sağlık Kurumu, 2009.
  • Aras S, Sişçigil G, Hacıkamiloğlu E, Tufan Çinçin A, Özkan Altunay Z, Tosun Taşar P. Yaşlıda Kronik hastalıkların sıklığı, kronik hastalık yükü, multimorbidite ve kronik hastalık takip modelleri. İçinde Karan MA, Satman İ, editör. Türkiye Yaşlı Sağlığı Raporu: Güncel Durum, Sorunlar ve Kısa-Orta Vadeli Çözümler. Türkiye Sağlık Enstitüleri Başkanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı ve Kronik Hastalıklar Enstitüsü Yayın No: 48569, İstanbul; 2021: s. 207-297.
  • Börsch-Supan A. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 1. Release version: 8.0.0. SHARE-ERIC. Data set. DOI: 10.6103/SHARE.w1.800, 2022.
  • Börsch-Supan A. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 2. Release version: 8.0.0. SHARE-ERIC. Data set. DOI: 10.6103/SHARE.w2.800, 2022.
  • Börsch-Supan A. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 3 – SHARELIFE. Release version: 8.0.0. SHARE-ERIC. Data set. DOI: 10.6103/SHARE.w3.800, 2022.
  • Börsch-Supan A, Brandt M, Hunkler C, Kneip T, Korbmacher J, Malter F, Schaan B, Stuck S, Zuber S. Data Resource Profile: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). International Journal of Epidemiology 2013.
  • Schröder M. Retrospective Data Collection in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. SHARELIFE Methodology. Mannheim: MEA, 2011.
  • Toprak D. Uygulamada ortaya çıkan farklı refah devleti modelleri üzerine bir inceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2015: 21.
  • Nigg CR, Long CR. A systematic review of single health behavior change interventions vs. multiple health behavior change interventions among older adults. TBM 2012; 2: 162-179.
  • Dwyer P, Papadimitriou D. The social security rights of older international migrants in the European union. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 2006; 32(8): 1301-1319.
  • Hirdes JP, Forbes WF. Factors associated with the maintenance of good self-rated health. Journal of Aging and Health 1993; 5(1): 101-122.

Using the life-course approach to analyse factors affecting good self-rated health

Year 2023, , 71 - 86, 15.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1106798

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the direct and indirect factors affecting good self-rated health over the life-course in thirteen European countries. According to life-course epidemiology, health is affected by social and biological processes from birth to later years.

Methods: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) is used (n=15128). Retrospective data provided two basis for this study: 1) examine how good self-rated health of 0-15 early life changed until 50+ late life (maintenance good health or not), 2) determine the risk factors expected to affect health by using not only current but also earlier phases of life (such as smoking at any given point of life). For this end, Hierarchical binary logistic regression models were used. Multicollinearity was checked using VIFs and goodness of fit by Hosmer and Lemeshow test.

Results: It was found that living in social-democrat, conservative-corporatist and Mediterranean welfare regimes positively affects the maintenance good self-rated health from 0-15 (early life) to 50+ (late life) as compared to post-socialist welfare regime. Additionally it was observed lower levels of education, experience of financial hardship at any given point of life, negative work conditions (high physical and psycho-social demand, low reward and control), physical inactivity, pre-obesity/obesity, and migrant background negatively affect remaining in good health. Gender and smoking at any given point of life were statistically insignificant.

Conclusion: Maintaining good self-rated health over the life-course is harder for disadvantaged groups and is affected by both individual lifestyle and social factors.

References

  • Köksal S. Epidemiyolojik Araştırma Yöntemleri Tanım, Sınıflama. Halk Sağlığı Ders Kitabı içinde. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi; 2008. s. 59-62.
  • Berkman LF, Kawachi I. A historical framework for social epidemiology. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 1-16.
  • Pearce N. Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health 1996; 86(5): 678-683.
  • Kuh D, Hardy R. A life course approach to women’s health: does the past predict the present? In Kuh D, Hardy R, editors. A Life Course Approach to Women’s Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 3-22
  • Millard AV. A causal model of high rates of child mortality. Soc. Sci. Med 1994; 38(2): 253-268.
  • Börsch-Supan A, Jürges H. The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe – Methodology. Mannheim: MEA. 2005.
  • Bergmann M, Bethmann A, De Luca G. Sampling Design in SHARE Wave 7. In Bergmann M, Scherpenzeel A, Börsch-Supan A, editors. SHARE Wave 7 Methodology: Panel Innovations and Life Histories. Munich: MEA, Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy; 2019. p. 81-88.
  • Pallant J. SPSS Kullanma Klavuzu: SPSS ile Adım Adım Veri Analizi. Balcı S, Ahi B, düzenleyen. Ankara: Anı, 2015.
  • Mehrbrodt T, Gruber S, Wagner M. SHARE Scales and Multi-Item Indicators. MEA. 2019.
  • Csajbók Z, Kagstrom A, Kåreholt I. et al. Sex differences in the association of childhood socioeconomic position and later-life depressive symptoms in Europe: the mediating effect of education. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56: 1091–1101.
  • Pakpahan E, Hoffmann R, Kröger H. The long arm of childhood circumstances on health in old age: Evidence from SHARELIFE. Advances in Life Course Research 2017; 31: 1-10.
  • Wahrendorf M, Blane D, Bartley M, Dragano N, Siegrist J. Working conditions in mid-life and mental health in odler ages. Advances in Life Course Research 2013; 18: 16-25.
  • Das M, Vis C, Weerman B. Developing the Survey Instruments for SHARE. In Börsch Supan A, Jürges H, editors. The Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe: Methodology Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA); 2005: p. 12-23.
  • De Vet E. The SHARE Data & Documentation Tool. In Bergmann M, Scherpenzeel A, Börsch-Supan A, editors. SHARE Wave 7 Methodology: Panel Innovations and Life Histories MEA, Max Plank Institute for Social Law and Social Policy; 2019: p. 191-193.
  • Kaplan GA. What’s wrong with social epidemiology, and how can we make it better? Epidemiologic Reviews 2004; 26: 124-135.
  • Newbold KB. Self-rated health within the Canadian immigrant population: risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 1359–70.
  • Adena M, Myck M. Poverty and transitions in health in later life. Social Science & Medicine 2014; 116: 202-210.
  • Keenan K, Grundy E. Fertility history and physical and mental health changes in European older adults. Eur J Population 2019; 35: 459-485.
  • Reus-Pons M, Mulder CH, Kibele EUB, Janssen F. Differences in the health transition patterns of migrants and non migrants aged 50 and older in southern and western Europe (2004-2015). BMC Medicine 2018; 16(57): 1-15.
  • Sand G. Migration and Well-Being of Older People in Europe. Doktora Tezi. Mannheim Üniversitesi. Fakultät Für Sozıalwıssenschaften, 2018.
  • Allison PD. Survival analysis usind SAS: A practical guide. Cary: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
  • Abuladze L, Kunder N, Lang K, Vaask S. Associations between self-rated health and health behaviour among older adults in Estonia: a cross- sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7: 1-9.
  • Rostila M, Nygard M, Nyqvist F. The role of welfare states and social capital for self-rated health among older Europeans. In Nyqvist F, Forsman A, Dordrecht K, editors. Social Capital as a Health Resource in Later Life: The Relevant of Context. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer; 2015: p. 206-229.
  • Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, Houtman I, Bongers P, Amick B. The Job Strain Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for international comparative assessment of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Heatlh Psychology 1998; 3(4): 322-355.
  • Siegrist J, Starke D, Chandola T, Godin I, Marmot M, Niedhammer I, Peter R. The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine 2004; 1483-1499.
  • 26. Wahrendorf M, Siegrist J. Working Conditions in Mid‐life and Participation in Voluntary Work After Labour Market Exit. In: Börsch-Supan A, Brandt M, Hank K, Schröder M, editors. The Individual and the Welfare State. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2011: p. 179-188.
  • Lanari D, Bussini O. International migration and health inequalities in later life. Ageing & Society 2012; 32: 935-962.
  • Hunkler C, Kneip T, Sand G, Schuth M. Growing old abroad: social and material deprivation among first- and second-generation migrants in Europe.In Börsch Supan A, Kneip T, Litwin H. et al. editors, Ageing in Europe- Supporting Policies for an Inclusive Society. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter; 2015: p. 199-208.
  • Engelhardt H, Buber I, Skirbekk V, Prskawetz A. Social involvement, behavioural risks and cognitive functioning among older people. Ageing and Society 2010; 30 (5): 779-809.
  • Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Faeh D, Santos-Eggimann B. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries. Preventive Medicine 2007; 44: 442-446.
  • Honjo, K. Social Epidemiology: Definition, History, and Research Examples. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2004; 9: 193–199.
  • Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Social Capital, Social Cohesion and Health. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014: p. 290-319.
  • Okechukwu C, Davison K, Emmons K. Changing Health Behaviours in a Social Context. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014: p. 365-395.
  • Glymour MM, Avendano M, Kawachi I. Socioeconomic Status and Health. In Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014: p. 17-62.
  • Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Almeida-Filho N. A glossary for health inequalities. J. Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56: 647-652.
  • Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellström T. Temel Epidemioloji. (Mollahaliloğlu S, Kosdak M, Çipil Z, Karaman D., çevirmen) Ankara: T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Sağlık Kurumu, 2009.
  • Aras S, Sişçigil G, Hacıkamiloğlu E, Tufan Çinçin A, Özkan Altunay Z, Tosun Taşar P. Yaşlıda Kronik hastalıkların sıklığı, kronik hastalık yükü, multimorbidite ve kronik hastalık takip modelleri. İçinde Karan MA, Satman İ, editör. Türkiye Yaşlı Sağlığı Raporu: Güncel Durum, Sorunlar ve Kısa-Orta Vadeli Çözümler. Türkiye Sağlık Enstitüleri Başkanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı ve Kronik Hastalıklar Enstitüsü Yayın No: 48569, İstanbul; 2021: s. 207-297.
  • Börsch-Supan A. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 1. Release version: 8.0.0. SHARE-ERIC. Data set. DOI: 10.6103/SHARE.w1.800, 2022.
  • Börsch-Supan A. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 2. Release version: 8.0.0. SHARE-ERIC. Data set. DOI: 10.6103/SHARE.w2.800, 2022.
  • Börsch-Supan A. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 3 – SHARELIFE. Release version: 8.0.0. SHARE-ERIC. Data set. DOI: 10.6103/SHARE.w3.800, 2022.
  • Börsch-Supan A, Brandt M, Hunkler C, Kneip T, Korbmacher J, Malter F, Schaan B, Stuck S, Zuber S. Data Resource Profile: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). International Journal of Epidemiology 2013.
  • Schröder M. Retrospective Data Collection in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. SHARELIFE Methodology. Mannheim: MEA, 2011.
  • Toprak D. Uygulamada ortaya çıkan farklı refah devleti modelleri üzerine bir inceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2015: 21.
  • Nigg CR, Long CR. A systematic review of single health behavior change interventions vs. multiple health behavior change interventions among older adults. TBM 2012; 2: 162-179.
  • Dwyer P, Papadimitriou D. The social security rights of older international migrants in the European union. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 2006; 32(8): 1301-1319.
  • Hirdes JP, Forbes WF. Factors associated with the maintenance of good self-rated health. Journal of Aging and Health 1993; 5(1): 101-122.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Ferhan Saniye Palaz 0000-0002-1729-1364

Publication Date April 15, 2023
Submission Date April 21, 2022
Acceptance Date February 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Palaz, F. S. (2023). İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 21(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1106798
AMA Palaz FS. İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi. TJPH. April 2023;21(1):71-86. doi:10.20518/tjph.1106798
Chicago Palaz, Ferhan Saniye. “İyi sağlık algısına Etki Eden faktörlerin yaşam Seyri yaklaşımı Ile Incelenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 21, no. 1 (April 2023): 71-86. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1106798.
EndNote Palaz FS (April 1, 2023) İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Public Health 21 1 71–86.
IEEE F. S. Palaz, “İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi”, TJPH, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 71–86, 2023, doi: 10.20518/tjph.1106798.
ISNAD Palaz, Ferhan Saniye. “İyi sağlık algısına Etki Eden faktörlerin yaşam Seyri yaklaşımı Ile Incelenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 21/1 (April 2023), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1106798.
JAMA Palaz FS. İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi. TJPH. 2023;21:71–86.
MLA Palaz, Ferhan Saniye. “İyi sağlık algısına Etki Eden faktörlerin yaşam Seyri yaklaşımı Ile Incelenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 21, no. 1, 2023, pp. 71-86, doi:10.20518/tjph.1106798.
Vancouver Palaz FS. İyi sağlık algısına etki eden faktörlerin yaşam seyri yaklaşımı ile incelenmesi. TJPH. 2023;21(1):71-86.

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