Research Article

Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure

Volume: 12 Number: 3 December 30, 2014
Erdem Pulcu , Ann Mcneill
TR EN

Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure

Abstract

Aim: It is estimated that globally there are about 100 million people who smoke waterpipes daily yet exposure resulting from smoking waterpipes is under-researched relative to cigarette smoking. This exploratory study assesses smoke exposure and puffing profiles among waterpipe smokers in comparison with cigarette smokers in Turkey, where there is a concern that waterpipe smoking prevalence is increasing. 

Method: A convenience sample of waterpipe (n=20) and cigarette smokers (n=110) was recruited from Istanbul, Turkey. Both waterpipe and cigarette smokers followed broadly a similar protocol with two visits to the laboratory where puff recordings, measurements of expired air carbon monoxide (CO) as well as saliva and urine samples for measurements of cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) were taken. Both group of smokers used specially designed puff recording devices to establish puffing profiles unique for cigarettes and waterpipes.

Results: On average, the volume of smoke inhaled from each puff of a waterpipe was almost 20 times greater than that from a manufactured cigarette: 1077.63 ml (±486.03) versus 55.96 ml (±15.12) respectively. Waterpipe smokers experienced significantly higher boosts of expired air CO following smoking a waterpipe in the laboratory compared with those smoking a cigarette, (means 42.9 versus 4.2; p<0.001). Lower levels of cotinine and 1-HOP were observed in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers (p<0.001). 

Conclusion: Waterpipe smokers in Turkey are exposed to larger volumes of smoke and higher CO levels, but less frequent nature of their smoking seems to be reflected in lower levels of exposure to other smoke constituents. The high smoke intake during waterpipe smoking is of public health concern.

Keywords

Smoking, waterpipe, carbon monoxide, cotinine, 1-Hydroxypyrene

References

  1. World Health Organisation. Tobacco Control in Turkey. Copenhagen: WHO Publications; 2009 [online]. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pd f_file/0004/98446/E93038.pdf. Dec 15, 2014.
  2. Accessed 2. Turkish Ministry of Health. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Turkey Report. Ankara: Anil Matbaacilik, 2010 [online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/ en_tfi_gats_turkey_2009.pdf. Accessed Dec 15, 2014.
  3. Erguder T, Çakır B, Aslan D, Warren CW, Jones NR, Asma S. Evaluation of the use of Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data for developing evidence-based tobacco control policies in Turkey. BMC Public Health 2008;8(Suppl 1):S4.
  4. WHO Europe. Tobacco control in Turkey: Story of commitment and leadership. Copenhagen: WHO Publications; 2012 [online].
  5. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pd f_file/0009/163854/e96532.pdf?ua=1.
  6. Accessed Dec 15, 2014.
  7. at: 5. Adams P. Turkey's transformation. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation. 2012;90(6):408-409.
  8. Maziak W. The global epidemic of waterpipe 2011;36(1):1-5. Addict
  9. Behav 7. Akl EA, Gunukula SK, Aleem S, et al. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2011;11:244. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11- 244
  10. Nakkash RT, Khalil J, Afifi RA. The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: A qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers. BMC Public Health 2011;11(1):315. doi:10.1186/1471- 2458-11-315
APA
Pulcu, E., & Mcneill, A. (2014). Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 12(3), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.21703
AMA
1.Pulcu E, Mcneill A. Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure. TJPH. 2014;12(3):140-152. doi:10.20518/thsd.21703
Chicago
Pulcu, Erdem, and Ann Mcneill. 2014. “Smoking Patterns in Waterpipe Smokers Compared With Cigarette Smokers: An Exploratory Study of Puffing Dynamics and Smoke Exposure”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 12 (3): 140-52. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.21703.
EndNote
Pulcu E, Mcneill A (December 1, 2014) Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure. Turkish Journal of Public Health 12 3 140–152.
IEEE
[1]E. Pulcu and A. Mcneill, “Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure”, TJPH, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 140–152, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.20518/thsd.21703.
ISNAD
Pulcu, Erdem - Mcneill, Ann. “Smoking Patterns in Waterpipe Smokers Compared With Cigarette Smokers: An Exploratory Study of Puffing Dynamics and Smoke Exposure”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 12/3 (December 1, 2014): 140-152. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.21703.
JAMA
1.Pulcu E, Mcneill A. Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure. TJPH. 2014;12:140–152.
MLA
Pulcu, Erdem, and Ann Mcneill. “Smoking Patterns in Waterpipe Smokers Compared With Cigarette Smokers: An Exploratory Study of Puffing Dynamics and Smoke Exposure”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 12, no. 3, Dec. 2014, pp. 140-52, doi:10.20518/thsd.21703.
Vancouver
1.Erdem Pulcu, Ann Mcneill. Smoking patterns in waterpipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers: an exploratory study of puffing dynamics and smoke exposure. TJPH. 2014 Dec. 1;12(3):140-52. doi:10.20518/thsd.21703