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Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey

Year 2016, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 152 - 163, 28.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.288395

Abstract




Objective: This study analysed gender differences in self rated health status and
their determinants by gender in Turkey.  
Methods: This is a further analysis
of a 2010 Health Survey conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) A
total of 5488 men and 7149 women in Turkey were included in this
cross-sectional study. Self-rated health was analysed using three logistic
regression models.
Results: The rates of poor health were 9.8% among women
and 5.2% among men, with the gender gap increasing with age. Low level of
education, chronic diseases and poverty were associated with poor perceived
health in both genders. For women, marriage and retirement from secure jobs
were associated with good health; obesity and smoking were factors that caused
poor health. For men, unemployment had a negative impact on health.
Conclusion: The determinants of poor health were associated with
not only on socioeconomic status but also on gender in the Turkey. Marriage may
provide social protection for women where there are insufficient social
policies to protect them.




References

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  • 2. Doyal L. Gender equity in health: debates and dilemmas. Soc Sci Med 2000;51(6): 931-939.
  • 3. Pollard T & Hyatt S. Sex, gender and health: integrating biological and social perspectives. In: Pollard T & Hyatt S (Eds) Sex, Gender and Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999. p.1-17.
  • 4. OECD. Perceived Health Status. In Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-12-en Accessed: April 14, 2014.
  • 5. Denton M, Prus S, Walters V. Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Soc Sci Med 2004;58(12): 2585-2600.
  • 6. Wamala S, Lynch J. Introduction. Integrating research on gender and social inequities in health” In: Gender and Social Inequities in Health- A Public Health Issue. Eds. Wamala S & Lynch J. Sweden: Studentlitteratur Lund; 2002. p.12-20
  • 7. Östlin P. Gender inequalities in health: the significance of work In: Wamala S & Lynch J (Eds) Gender and Social Inequities in Health- A Public Health Issue. Sweden: Studentlitteratur Lund; 2002. p.43-66
  • 8. Rieker PP, Bird CE, Lang ME. Understanding Gender and Health. In: Bird CE, Conrad P, Fremont AM, Timmermans S (Eds) The Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6th ed. Nashville:Vanderbilt University Press, 2010. p.52-73.
  • 9. Sen G, Östlin P. Gender as a social determinant of health: evidence, policies, an innovation. In: Sen G & Östlin P (Eds) Gender equity in health: the shifting frontiers of evidence and action. New York: Taylor & Francis 2010. p.4-7.
  • 10. TurkStat. Health Survey 2010. Ankara: Turkish Statistical Institute. 2013 Available at:http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/ PreTablo.do?alt_id=1095
  • 11. Young TK. Population health: concepts and methods. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. p.77
  • 12. Bowling A. Just one question: If one question works, why ask several? J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:342-345.
  • 13. World Health Organisation. Report of WHO Consultation Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization Technical Report Series; No: 894. 2004.
  • 14. Costa-Font J, Hernandez-Quevedo C. Measuring inequalities in health: What do we know? What do we need to know? Health Policy 2012;106(2):195-206.
  • 15. Ki M, Kelly Y, Sacker A, Nazroo J. Poor health, employment transitions and gender: evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Int J Public Health 2013;58(4):537-546
  • 16. van der Windt DA Dunn KM, Spies-Dorgelo MN, Mallen CD, Blankenstein AH, Stalman WA. Impact of physical symptoms on perceived health in the community. J Psychosom Res 2008;64(3):265-274.
  • 17. Chen DR, Chang LU, Yang M. Gender-specific responses to social determinants associated with self-perceived health in Taiwan: A multilevel approach. Soc Sci Med 2008;67(10):1630-1640.
  • 18. Crimmins EM, Kim JK, Sole-Auro A. Gender differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS. Eur J Public Health 2010;21(1):81–91
  • 19. Malmusi D, Artazcoz L, Benach J, Borrel C.Perception or real illness? How chronic conditions contribute to gender inequalities in self-rated health. Eur J Public Health 2012;22(6):781-786.
  • 20. TurkStat. Family Structure Study 2006. Ankara: Turkish Statistical Institute Publication; 2008
  • 21. Gorman BK & Read JG. Gender disparities in adult health: an examination of three measures of morbidity. J Health Soc Behav 2006;47(2): 95-110.
  • 22. McDonough P, Walters V, Strohschein L. Chronic stress and the social patterning of women’s health in Canada. Soc Sci Med 2002;54(5):767-782.
  • 23. Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet 2005;365(9464):1099-1104.
  • 24. Sozmen K, Baydur H, Simsek H, Ünal B. Decomposing socioeconomic inequalities in self assessed health in Turkey. Int J Equity Health 2012;11:73. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-73
  • 25. Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam AJR et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. New Eng J Med 2008;358(23):2468-81.
  • 26. Witvliet MI, Kunst AE, Stronks K, Arah OA. Variations between world regions in individual health: a multilevel analysis of the role of socio-economic factors. The Eur J Public Health 2012;22(2):284-9.
  • 27. Messing K, Silverstein BA. Gender and occupational health. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 2009;35(2):81-83.
  • 28. Mustard CA, Vermeulen M, Lavis JN. Is position in the occupational hierarchy a determinant of decline in perceived health status? Soc Sci Med 2003;57(12):2291-2303.
  • 29. Ladwig KH, Marten-Mittag B, Formanek B, Dammann G. Gender differences of symptom reporting and medical health care utilization in the German population. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16(6):511-518.
  • 30. Duetz MS, Abel T, Niemann S. Health measures differentiating associations with gender and socio-economic status. Eur J Public Health 2003;13(4):313-319.
  • 31. Waldron I, Hughes ME, Brooks TL. Marriage protection and marriage selection- Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health. Soc Sci Med 1996;43(1):113-123.
  • 32. Robles TF, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The physiology of marriage: Pathways to health. Physiology & behavior 2003;79(3):409-416.
Year 2016, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 152 - 163, 28.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.288395

Abstract

References

  • 1. Udry JR. The nature of gender. Demography 1994;31(4):561-573.
  • 2. Doyal L. Gender equity in health: debates and dilemmas. Soc Sci Med 2000;51(6): 931-939.
  • 3. Pollard T & Hyatt S. Sex, gender and health: integrating biological and social perspectives. In: Pollard T & Hyatt S (Eds) Sex, Gender and Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999. p.1-17.
  • 4. OECD. Perceived Health Status. In Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-12-en Accessed: April 14, 2014.
  • 5. Denton M, Prus S, Walters V. Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Soc Sci Med 2004;58(12): 2585-2600.
  • 6. Wamala S, Lynch J. Introduction. Integrating research on gender and social inequities in health” In: Gender and Social Inequities in Health- A Public Health Issue. Eds. Wamala S & Lynch J. Sweden: Studentlitteratur Lund; 2002. p.12-20
  • 7. Östlin P. Gender inequalities in health: the significance of work In: Wamala S & Lynch J (Eds) Gender and Social Inequities in Health- A Public Health Issue. Sweden: Studentlitteratur Lund; 2002. p.43-66
  • 8. Rieker PP, Bird CE, Lang ME. Understanding Gender and Health. In: Bird CE, Conrad P, Fremont AM, Timmermans S (Eds) The Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6th ed. Nashville:Vanderbilt University Press, 2010. p.52-73.
  • 9. Sen G, Östlin P. Gender as a social determinant of health: evidence, policies, an innovation. In: Sen G & Östlin P (Eds) Gender equity in health: the shifting frontiers of evidence and action. New York: Taylor & Francis 2010. p.4-7.
  • 10. TurkStat. Health Survey 2010. Ankara: Turkish Statistical Institute. 2013 Available at:http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/ PreTablo.do?alt_id=1095
  • 11. Young TK. Population health: concepts and methods. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. p.77
  • 12. Bowling A. Just one question: If one question works, why ask several? J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:342-345.
  • 13. World Health Organisation. Report of WHO Consultation Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization Technical Report Series; No: 894. 2004.
  • 14. Costa-Font J, Hernandez-Quevedo C. Measuring inequalities in health: What do we know? What do we need to know? Health Policy 2012;106(2):195-206.
  • 15. Ki M, Kelly Y, Sacker A, Nazroo J. Poor health, employment transitions and gender: evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Int J Public Health 2013;58(4):537-546
  • 16. van der Windt DA Dunn KM, Spies-Dorgelo MN, Mallen CD, Blankenstein AH, Stalman WA. Impact of physical symptoms on perceived health in the community. J Psychosom Res 2008;64(3):265-274.
  • 17. Chen DR, Chang LU, Yang M. Gender-specific responses to social determinants associated with self-perceived health in Taiwan: A multilevel approach. Soc Sci Med 2008;67(10):1630-1640.
  • 18. Crimmins EM, Kim JK, Sole-Auro A. Gender differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS. Eur J Public Health 2010;21(1):81–91
  • 19. Malmusi D, Artazcoz L, Benach J, Borrel C.Perception or real illness? How chronic conditions contribute to gender inequalities in self-rated health. Eur J Public Health 2012;22(6):781-786.
  • 20. TurkStat. Family Structure Study 2006. Ankara: Turkish Statistical Institute Publication; 2008
  • 21. Gorman BK & Read JG. Gender disparities in adult health: an examination of three measures of morbidity. J Health Soc Behav 2006;47(2): 95-110.
  • 22. McDonough P, Walters V, Strohschein L. Chronic stress and the social patterning of women’s health in Canada. Soc Sci Med 2002;54(5):767-782.
  • 23. Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet 2005;365(9464):1099-1104.
  • 24. Sozmen K, Baydur H, Simsek H, Ünal B. Decomposing socioeconomic inequalities in self assessed health in Turkey. Int J Equity Health 2012;11:73. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-73
  • 25. Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam AJR et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. New Eng J Med 2008;358(23):2468-81.
  • 26. Witvliet MI, Kunst AE, Stronks K, Arah OA. Variations between world regions in individual health: a multilevel analysis of the role of socio-economic factors. The Eur J Public Health 2012;22(2):284-9.
  • 27. Messing K, Silverstein BA. Gender and occupational health. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 2009;35(2):81-83.
  • 28. Mustard CA, Vermeulen M, Lavis JN. Is position in the occupational hierarchy a determinant of decline in perceived health status? Soc Sci Med 2003;57(12):2291-2303.
  • 29. Ladwig KH, Marten-Mittag B, Formanek B, Dammann G. Gender differences of symptom reporting and medical health care utilization in the German population. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16(6):511-518.
  • 30. Duetz MS, Abel T, Niemann S. Health measures differentiating associations with gender and socio-economic status. Eur J Public Health 2003;13(4):313-319.
  • 31. Waldron I, Hughes ME, Brooks TL. Marriage protection and marriage selection- Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health. Soc Sci Med 1996;43(1):113-123.
  • 32. Robles TF, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The physiology of marriage: Pathways to health. Physiology & behavior 2003;79(3):409-416.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Nilay Etiler

Publication Date December 28, 2016
Submission Date January 28, 2017
Acceptance Date December 11, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Etiler, N. (2016). Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 14(3), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.288395
AMA Etiler N. Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey. TJPH. December 2016;14(3):152-163. doi:10.20518/tjph.288395
Chicago Etiler, Nilay. “Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health and Their Determinants in Turkey: A Further Analysis of Turkish Health Survey”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 14, no. 3 (December 2016): 152-63. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.288395.
EndNote Etiler N (December 1, 2016) Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey. Turkish Journal of Public Health 14 3 152–163.
IEEE N. Etiler, “Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey”, TJPH, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 152–163, 2016, doi: 10.20518/tjph.288395.
ISNAD Etiler, Nilay. “Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health and Their Determinants in Turkey: A Further Analysis of Turkish Health Survey”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 14/3 (December 2016), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.288395.
JAMA Etiler N. Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey. TJPH. 2016;14:152–163.
MLA Etiler, Nilay. “Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health and Their Determinants in Turkey: A Further Analysis of Turkish Health Survey”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 152-63, doi:10.20518/tjph.288395.
Vancouver Etiler N. Gender differences in self-rated health and their determinants in Turkey: A further analysis of Turkish health survey. TJPH. 2016;14(3):152-63.

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