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Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study

Year 2020, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 26 - 38, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.539652

Abstract

Objectives: This paper reports a study of the prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension, and its associated factors among secondary school students in Sarawak.  Methods: It was a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, anthropometric and blood pressure measurement.    Results: A total of 2461 secondary school children participated.  The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 13.2%, stage 1 hypertension was 12.4% and stage 2 hypertension was 4.6%.  The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 24.3%, elevated waist circumference was 13.5, and overfat and obese was 6.7%.  Based on the urban model, factors that were associated with pre-hypertension were age, male, parent with history of hypertension, overweight and obese.  At the hypertension level, only male, overweight and obese were found to be associated.  A higher odds ratio was found for elevated waist circumference of 4.42 (95% CI:1.75, 11.11) to be associated with hypertension.  In rural model, factors found to be associated with pre-hypertension were age, male, ethnic group (Chinese), overweight and obese, elevated waist circumference.  For pre- hypertension level, variables that were consistently to be associated with hypertension were male, ethnic group (Iban and Chinese), overweight and obese, elevated waist circumference, and parent with history of hypertension, overfat and obese.  Conclusions: The prevalence of pre hypertension and hypertension was found to be different between urban and rural area, gender and obesity were found to be associated with elevated blood pressure.   There is a need to emphasize earlier detection and intervention among younger generation on hypertension.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Interim Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva, WHO. 2015. http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/commission-ending-childhood-obesiyt-interim-report.pdf?au=1. Accessed 15 Jan 2017.
  • 2. de Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:1257-1264.
  • 3. Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, van Macchelen W, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2008;9(5):474-488.
  • 4. Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963-2002. Circulation 2007;116(13):1488-1496.
  • 5. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood : a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation 2008;117(25):3171-3180.
  • 6. Flynn JT. Evaluation and management of hypertension in childhood. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2001;12(2):177-188.
  • 7. Freeman DS, Goodman A, Contreras OA, DasMahapatra P, Srinivasa SR, Berenson GS. Secular trends in BMI and blood pressure among children and adolescents : The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 2012;130(1): e159-e166.
  • 8. Rampal S, Mahadeva S, Guallar E, A Bulgiba, Rosmawati M, Ramlee R, Mohamad Taha A, Rampal L. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome : Results from a multi-ethnic population-based survey in Malaysia. PLOS ONE 2012;7(9):e46365, 2012.
  • 9. Muhammad Yazid J, Aisha Fadhilah AA, Noorasekin S, Nurshadia S, Zahurin M, Fatimah H. One in five overweight/obese adolescents in the community has metabolic syndrome. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 2013;16(Special Edition).
  • 10. Chorin E, Hassidim A, Hartal M, Havakuk O, Flint N, Ziy-Baran T, Arbel Y. Trends in adolescents obesity and the association between BMI and blood pressure: a cross-sectional study in 714,922 healthy teenagers. Am J Hypertens 2015;28(9):1157-1163.
  • 11. Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. Adolescent obesity is associated with high ambulatory blood pressure and increased carotid intimal-medial thickness. J Pediatr 2005;147(5):651-656.
  • 12. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr, et al. Compendium of Physical Activities: A Second Update of Codes and MET Values. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43 (8): 1575-1581.
  • 13. WHO. BMI-for-age (5-19 years). 2007. http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/. Accessed 25 Jan 2017.
  • 14. Tanita. Asian Healthy Body Fat Ranges for Children. [internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 Nov 24]. Available from http://www.tanita.co.kr/download/Body_Fat_Ranges_ for_Children. Body_Fat_and_Visceral_Fat_Section.pdf.
  • 15. Poh BK, Jannah AN, Chong LK, Ruzita AT, Noor Ismail M, McCarthy D. Waist circumference percentile curves for Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6.0-16.9 years. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: 229-235.
  • 16. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114(2): 555-576.
  • 17. Rampal L, Ng KC, Izzati IN, Izzati ZF, Nazrul IM, Faisal I, Zainiyah SS. Prevalence of hypertension among Malay adolescents in Putrajaya secondary schools, Malaysia, 2010. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2011; 7(2):53-60.
  • 18. Afrifa-Anane E, Agyemang C, Codjoe SNA, Ogedegbe G., de Graft Aikins A. The association of physical activity, body mass index and the blood pressure levels among urban poor youth in Accra, Ghana. BMC Public Health 2015;15:269. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1546-3.
  • 19. Odunaiya NA, Louw QA, Grimmer KA. Are lifestyle cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with pre-hypertension in 15-18 years rural Nigerian youth? A cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2015;15:144. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0134-x. 20. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood : a systematic review and meta regression analysis. Circulation 2008;117:3171-3318.
  • 21. Selassie A, Wagner CS, Laken ML, Ferguson ML, Ferdinand KC, Egan BM. Progression is accelerated from pre hypertension to hypertension in black adolescents. Hypertension 2011;58:579-587.
  • 22. Ejike CECC, Ugwu CE, Ezeanyika LUS, Olayemi AT. Blood pressure patterns in relation to geographical area of residence : a cross-sectional study of adolescents in Kogi state, Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2008:8:4. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-411.
  • 23. Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian S. Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome : relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers. J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):177-184.
  • 24. Burgos MS, Burgos LT, Camargo MD, Franke SIR, Pra D, da Silva AMV, Borges TS, Todendi PF, Reckziegel MB, Reuter CP. Relationship between anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol 2013;101(4):288-296.
  • 25. Barlassina C, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Bianchi G. Genetics of essential hypertension: from families to genes. J Am Soc Neephrol:JASN. 2002;13 Suppl 3:S155-164.
  • 26. Simsolo RB, Romo MM, Rabinovich L, Bonanno M, Grunfeld B. Family history of essential hypertension versus obesity as risk factors for hypertension in adolescents. Am J Hypertens 1999;12(3):260-263.
  • 27. Ahmed MS, Chidozie UN, Saverio S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Olalekan A. Prevalence of Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine 2015;94(50): e1959. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001959.

Malezya, Sarawak ergenleri arasında hipertansiyon prevalansının ve ilişkili faktörlerin kırsal ve kentsel karşılaştırılması: Kesitsel bir çalışma

Year 2020, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 26 - 38, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.539652

Abstract




Amaç: Bu makale Sarawak'ta ortaöğretim
öncesi öğrencilerinde pre-hipertansiyon ve hipertansiyon prevalansı ve ilişkili
faktörler üzerine bir çalışmayı rapor etmektedir.
Yöntem: Kesitsel
yapılan bu çalışmada anket kullanılmış ve antropometrik ve kan basıncı ölçümleri
yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Toplam 2461 ortaokul öğrencisi katıldı. Pre-hipertansiyon prevalansı %13.2,
evre 1 hipertansiyon %12.4 ve evre 2 hipertansiyon %4.6’ıydı. Aşırı kilo ve
obezite prevalansı %24.3, yüksek bel çevresi 13.5 ve aşırı yağ ve obez %6.7
idi. Kentsel modele dayanarak, pre-hipertansiyon ile ilişkili faktörler yaş,
cinsiyet, hipertansiyon öyküsü olan ebeveyn, aşırı kilo ve obezite idi.
Hipertansiyon düzeyinde, sadece erkek cinsiyet, aşırı kilo ve obezite ilişkili
faktörler olarak bulundu. Yüksek bel çevrisi ile hipertansiyon oluşma
olasılıklar oranı yüksek bulundu OR=4.42 (%95 CI:1.75,11.11) bulundu. Kırsal
modelde pre-hipertansiyon ile ilişkili bulunan faktörler yaş, erkek cinsiyet,
etnik grup (Çinli), aşırı kilolu ve obez olma ve yüksek bel çevresidir. Pre-hipertansiyon
için, tutarlı olarak hipertansiyon ile ilişkili değişkenler erkek cinsiyet,
etnik grup (Iban ve Çin), aşırı kilolu ve obez olma, yüksek bel çevresi ve ailesel
hipertansiyon, aşırı yağ ve obezite öyküsüne sahip olmaydı.
Sonuç: Pre-hipertansiyon ve hipertansiyon prevalansı kentsel ve kırsal alanlar
arasında farklı saptanırken, cinsiyet ve obezite yüksek kan basıncı ile
ilişkili bulundu. Hipertansiyonda genç nesil arasında erken teşhis ve
müdahalenin vurgulanması gerekmektedir.




References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Interim Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva, WHO. 2015. http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/commission-ending-childhood-obesiyt-interim-report.pdf?au=1. Accessed 15 Jan 2017.
  • 2. de Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:1257-1264.
  • 3. Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, van Macchelen W, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2008;9(5):474-488.
  • 4. Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963-2002. Circulation 2007;116(13):1488-1496.
  • 5. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood : a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation 2008;117(25):3171-3180.
  • 6. Flynn JT. Evaluation and management of hypertension in childhood. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2001;12(2):177-188.
  • 7. Freeman DS, Goodman A, Contreras OA, DasMahapatra P, Srinivasa SR, Berenson GS. Secular trends in BMI and blood pressure among children and adolescents : The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 2012;130(1): e159-e166.
  • 8. Rampal S, Mahadeva S, Guallar E, A Bulgiba, Rosmawati M, Ramlee R, Mohamad Taha A, Rampal L. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome : Results from a multi-ethnic population-based survey in Malaysia. PLOS ONE 2012;7(9):e46365, 2012.
  • 9. Muhammad Yazid J, Aisha Fadhilah AA, Noorasekin S, Nurshadia S, Zahurin M, Fatimah H. One in five overweight/obese adolescents in the community has metabolic syndrome. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 2013;16(Special Edition).
  • 10. Chorin E, Hassidim A, Hartal M, Havakuk O, Flint N, Ziy-Baran T, Arbel Y. Trends in adolescents obesity and the association between BMI and blood pressure: a cross-sectional study in 714,922 healthy teenagers. Am J Hypertens 2015;28(9):1157-1163.
  • 11. Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. Adolescent obesity is associated with high ambulatory blood pressure and increased carotid intimal-medial thickness. J Pediatr 2005;147(5):651-656.
  • 12. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr, et al. Compendium of Physical Activities: A Second Update of Codes and MET Values. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43 (8): 1575-1581.
  • 13. WHO. BMI-for-age (5-19 years). 2007. http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/. Accessed 25 Jan 2017.
  • 14. Tanita. Asian Healthy Body Fat Ranges for Children. [internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 Nov 24]. Available from http://www.tanita.co.kr/download/Body_Fat_Ranges_ for_Children. Body_Fat_and_Visceral_Fat_Section.pdf.
  • 15. Poh BK, Jannah AN, Chong LK, Ruzita AT, Noor Ismail M, McCarthy D. Waist circumference percentile curves for Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6.0-16.9 years. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: 229-235.
  • 16. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114(2): 555-576.
  • 17. Rampal L, Ng KC, Izzati IN, Izzati ZF, Nazrul IM, Faisal I, Zainiyah SS. Prevalence of hypertension among Malay adolescents in Putrajaya secondary schools, Malaysia, 2010. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2011; 7(2):53-60.
  • 18. Afrifa-Anane E, Agyemang C, Codjoe SNA, Ogedegbe G., de Graft Aikins A. The association of physical activity, body mass index and the blood pressure levels among urban poor youth in Accra, Ghana. BMC Public Health 2015;15:269. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1546-3.
  • 19. Odunaiya NA, Louw QA, Grimmer KA. Are lifestyle cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with pre-hypertension in 15-18 years rural Nigerian youth? A cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2015;15:144. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0134-x. 20. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood : a systematic review and meta regression analysis. Circulation 2008;117:3171-3318.
  • 21. Selassie A, Wagner CS, Laken ML, Ferguson ML, Ferdinand KC, Egan BM. Progression is accelerated from pre hypertension to hypertension in black adolescents. Hypertension 2011;58:579-587.
  • 22. Ejike CECC, Ugwu CE, Ezeanyika LUS, Olayemi AT. Blood pressure patterns in relation to geographical area of residence : a cross-sectional study of adolescents in Kogi state, Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2008:8:4. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-411.
  • 23. Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian S. Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome : relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers. J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):177-184.
  • 24. Burgos MS, Burgos LT, Camargo MD, Franke SIR, Pra D, da Silva AMV, Borges TS, Todendi PF, Reckziegel MB, Reuter CP. Relationship between anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol 2013;101(4):288-296.
  • 25. Barlassina C, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Bianchi G. Genetics of essential hypertension: from families to genes. J Am Soc Neephrol:JASN. 2002;13 Suppl 3:S155-164.
  • 26. Simsolo RB, Romo MM, Rabinovich L, Bonanno M, Grunfeld B. Family history of essential hypertension versus obesity as risk factors for hypertension in adolescents. Am J Hypertens 1999;12(3):260-263.
  • 27. Ahmed MS, Chidozie UN, Saverio S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Olalekan A. Prevalence of Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine 2015;94(50): e1959. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001959.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Whye Lian Cheah 0000-0001-5963-0881

Ching Thon Chang This is me 0000-0001-7410-3211

Helmy Hazmi This is me 0000-0002-9568-370X

Grace, Woei Feng Kho This is me 0000-0001-8412-6863

Publication Date April 30, 2020
Submission Date March 14, 2019
Acceptance Date January 4, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Cheah, W. L., Chang, C. T., Hazmi, H., Kho, G. W. F. (2020). Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.539652
AMA Cheah WL, Chang CT, Hazmi H, Kho GWF. Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. TJPH. April 2020;18(1):26-38. doi:10.20518/tjph.539652
Chicago Cheah, Whye Lian, Ching Thon Chang, Helmy Hazmi, and Grace, Woei Feng Kho. “Rural-Urban Comparison in Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Factors Among Adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 18, no. 1 (April 2020): 26-38. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.539652.
EndNote Cheah WL, Chang CT, Hazmi H, Kho GWF (April 1, 2020) Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. Turkish Journal of Public Health 18 1 26–38.
IEEE W. L. Cheah, C. T. Chang, H. Hazmi, and G. W. F. Kho, “Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study”, TJPH, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 26–38, 2020, doi: 10.20518/tjph.539652.
ISNAD Cheah, Whye Lian et al. “Rural-Urban Comparison in Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Factors Among Adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 18/1 (April 2020), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.539652.
JAMA Cheah WL, Chang CT, Hazmi H, Kho GWF. Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. TJPH. 2020;18:26–38.
MLA Cheah, Whye Lian et al. “Rural-Urban Comparison in Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Factors Among Adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020, pp. 26-38, doi:10.20518/tjph.539652.
Vancouver Cheah WL, Chang CT, Hazmi H, Kho GWF. Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of hypertension and its factors among adolescents of Sarawak, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. TJPH. 2020;18(1):26-38.

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