Küresel COVID-19 salgınında sağlık profesyonellerinin karşılaştığı riskler; korunmanın önemi

Year 2020, Volume: 18 Issue: COVID-19 Special, 66 - 77, 06.12.2020

Hakan Çelik Emel Yürük Bal Şenay Çetinkaya

https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.757207

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Çin’in Hubei Eyaleti, Wuhan Şehrinde, 31 Aralık 2019’da etiyolojisi bilinmeyen pnömoni vakaları bildirimi ile başlayan Yeni Koronavirus Hastalığı (COVID-19), yayılma hızına ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisine bakıldığında genel çapta koruyucu önlemlerin arttırılmasını sağlamak amacıyla pandemi ilan edilerek, tarihteki pandemi yapan hastalıklar grubuna girdi. COVID-19, aradan geçen bu 8 aylık süre zarfında yaklaşık 220 ülkede 25 milyon insanı enfekte etti ve 852.758 insanın ölümünden sorumlu olarak 21. yy en çok can kaybına yol açan salgın hastalığı oldu. COVID-19 salgınındaki enfekte olmuş tıbbi personel sayısı, sadece bu 4 aylık süreyi içeren verinin (%10) yüksekliği nedeniyle, modern tarihte benzersizdir. Sağlık uzmanlarının salgınla mücadelede ön planda olmaları, salgının başlangıcında çok fazla belirsizlik ve bunun yarattığı yoğun stres, alınacak önlemlerin gecikmesi, bu önlemlerin uygulanmasındaki sorunlar, yoğun çalışma saatleri, bilgi eksikliği ve ekipman eksikliği bu risklerden bazılarıdır. Sağlık çalışanlarının öncelikle kendi sağlıklarını korumaları bu salgınla mücadele çok önemlidir. Bu derleme, COVID-19 salgınında sağlık profesyonellerinin karşılaştığı risklere, enfeksiyonun yansımalarına dikkat çekmek ve sağlık çalışanlarının enfeksiyondan korunmasını vurgulamak için hazırlanmıştır. 

Keywords

COVID-19, sağlık çalışanları, risk, koruyucu faktörler

The risks encountered by healthcare professionals in the global COVID-19 outbreak: the importance of protection

Abstract

The Novel Coronavirus Desease (COVID-19), which started on the 31st of December 2019, with the notification of cases of unknown pneumonia in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, was declared as a pandemic in order to increase the general protective measures in terms of its spreading rate and its effect on human health, and entered the group of pandemic diseases in history. COVID-19 infected 25 million people in about 220 countries during this 8-month period, and it became the 21st century's most life-threatening epidemic, being responsible for the death of 852.758 people (at the time of writing). The number of infected medical personnel in the COVID-19 outbreak is unprecedented in modern history due to the high amount of data (10%) that only includes this 4-month period. Problems such as the healthcare professionals being at the forefront of the fight against the epidemic, a lot of uncertainty at the beginning of the epidemic and the intense stress created by it, delay of measures to be taken, problems in the implementation of these measures, intense working hours, lack of information and lack of equipment are some of these risks. It is very important for healthcare professionals to protect their own health principally in order to fight this epidemic. This review has been prepared to draw attention to the risks faced by healthcare professionals in the COVID-19 outbreak, the repercussions of the infection, and to highlight the protection of healthcare professionals from infection.

Keywords

COVID-19, healthcare workers, risk, protective factors

References

• Turkish Ministry of Health. General Directorate of Public Health. COVID-19 Guide Scientific Committee Study. April 14, 2020, Ankara. Available at: https://COVID19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf Date of access:27.04.2020. Accessed April 24, 2020
• World Health Organization. Director-General's Opening Remarks At The Media Briefing On COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-COVID-19---11-march-2020. Accessed April 24, 2020
• WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available at: https://COVID19.who.int/ Accessed September 2, 2020.
• Turkish Ministry of Health. Coronavirus Daily situation. Available at: https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/gunluk-koronavirus-tablosu.html Accessed September 2, 2020.
• Songur L, Doğan F, Bucak İH. Sağlık Çalışanlarında Sağlık Taramalarının Önemi ve Sağlık Tarama Oranının Yükseltilmesi. (The Importance Of Health Screening And Increasing The Screening Rate of Health Workers.) Journal of Health Academicians 2019; 6(4): 270-277.
• World Health Organization. Summary of Probable SARS Cases With Onset of İllness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. 2003c. Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/ Accessed April 28, 2020.
• World Health Organization. MERS Situation Update, January 2020. 2020d. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/healthtopics/mers-cov/mers-outbreaks.html Accessed April 28, 2020.
• Kahn AP. The Encyclopedia of Work-Related İllnesses, İnjuries, And Health İssues, New York: Facts on file. 2004 Available at:https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=MO4TGtSeqDwC&lpg=PR3&dq=11.%09Kahn%2C%20A.%20P.%20(2004).%20The%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Work-Related%20%C4%B0llnesses%2C%20%C4%B0njuries%2C%20And%20Health%20%C4%B0ssues%2C%20Infobase%20Publishing%2C%20p.173&lr&hl=tr&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed April 28, 2020.
• Xu MC, Zhang Y. Psychological survey of the first-line clinical front-line support nurses to combat new coronavirus-infected pneumonia. Nursing Research of China, 2020;34(3):368-370.
• Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Balderson KE, et al. Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(12):1924-32.
• Nickell LA, Crighton EJ, Tracy CS, et al. R. Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution. CMAJ 2004; 170(5): 793–798.
• Wheeler HH. A review of nurse occupational stress reasearch:1. Br J Nurs 2014;6(11).
• Chen CS, Wu HY, Yang P, Ye CF. Psychological distress of nurses in Taiwan who worked during the outbreak of SARS. Psychiatr Serv 2005; 56:76-79.
• Nour MO, Babilghith AO, Natto HA, Al-Amin FO, Alawneh SM. Knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare providers towards MERS-CoV infection at Makkah hospitals, KSA. International Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2015;3(4):103-12.
• Stone PW, Mooney‐Kane C, Larson EL, et al. Nurse working conditions and patient safety outcomes. Medical Care. 2007;45(6):571-78.
• Kim JS, Choi JS. Factors Influencing Emergency Nurses' Burnout During an Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Korea. Asian Nurs Res 2016; 10, 295 - 299.
• Khee KS, Lee LB, Chai OT, Loong CK, Ming CW, Kheng, TH. The psychological impact of SARS on health care providers. Crit Care Shock 2004; 7, 99–106.
• Koh D, Lim MK, Chia SE, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Medical Care 2005; 43(7), 676–682.
• The Lancet. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet (London, England) 2020; 395(10228), 922.
• COVID-19 integrated survelliance data in italy. Available at: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/coronavirus/sars-cov-2-dashboard Accessed August 24, 2020
• Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. Health Policy. COVID-19 and Italy: what next?. The Lancet 2020; 395:1225-1228.
• Spanish Ministry of Health. Report on the COVID-19 situation in Spain. COVID-19 Report No.20.3. (2020) Available at: https://www.isciii.es/QueHacemos/Servicios/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE/EnfermedadesTransmisibles/Documents/INFORMES/Informes%20COVID-19/COVID-19%20en%20personal%20sanitario%2029%20de%20mayo%20de%202020.pdf Accessed August 24, 2020
• Kluytmans M, Buiting A, Pas S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in 86 healthcare workers in two Dutch hospitals in March 2020. medRxiv.
• Anadolu Agency. Asia-Pacific health workers risk all to fight COVID-19. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/asia-pacific-health-workers-risk-all-to-fight-COVID-19/1791014 Accessed April 24,2020.
• British Broadcasting Corporation. Minister of Health: The number of health personnel with coronavirus 601. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/live/haberler-dunya-52088533 Accessed April 20,2020.
• Istanbul Medical Chamber Press Statement. Available at: https://www.istabip.org.tr/5680-istanbul-da-COVID-19-lu-hekim-saglik-calisani-sayisi-1-000-i-geciyor-yanlis-politikalarinizin-kurbani-olmak-istemiyoruz.html Accessed April 10,2020.
• Anadolu Agency. Health Minister Koca: We are experiencing the second peak of the first wave of coronavirüs. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/saglik-bakani-koca-koronavirusun-birinci-dalgasinin-ikinci-pikini-yasiyoruz/1961210 Accessed September 2, 2020
• Wang J, Zhou M, Liu F. Exploring The Reasons For Healthcare Workers İnfected With Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) İn China. J Hosp Inf 2020; 105(1): 100-101
• Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(3):1-12.
• Labrague LJ, De Los Santos J. COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. J Nurs manag 2020;00:1-9.
• Dai Y, Hu G, Xiong H, Qiu H, Yuan X. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. medRxiv; 2020.
• Liu CY, Yang YZ, Zhang XM, et al. The prevalence and influencing factors in anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID- 19 in China: a cross-sectional survey. Epidemiology and Infection 2020;148, e98, 1–7.
• Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Tan BYQ, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain Behav Immun 2020;20:559-565.
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–1069.
• Liu Q, Luo D, Haase JE, et al. The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8(6):790–798.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm#indicator-chart Accessed August 24,2020.
• Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, et al. Mental Health Problems and Social Media Exposure During COVID-19 Outbreak. Plos One 2020; 15(4):1-10
• World Health Organization. State Of The World's Nursing 2020: Executive Summary. World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331673. Accessed April 12,2020.
• World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (‎‎COVID-19)‎‎ outbreak: rights, roles and responsibilities of health workers, including key considerations for occupational safety and health: interim guidance, 19 March 2020. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO ) Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331510. Accessed April 24,2020.
• Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Global Epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1439–1440.
• Turkey Psychiatric Association for Psychological Trauma and Disaster Studies Unit. COVID-19 and STAMPING. Available at: https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202003110-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf Accessed August 25, 2020.
• Psychiatric Association of Turkey Psychological Trauma and Disaster Studies Unit. The Guide to Protection of Healthcare Professionals from Burnout in the COVID-19 Outbreak. Available at: https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/14202016552-TukenmislikCOVID.pdf Accessed August 25, 2020.
• J. Levin. Mental Health Care for Survivors and Healthcare Workers in the Aftermath of an Outbreak. In Psychiatry of Pandemics D. Huremović (ed.), Springer Nature, Switzerland AG 2019:127-141. Available at: https://doi.org/10.10 07/978-3-030-15346-5_11 Accessed August 25, 2020.
• The Road to Resilience. From the American Psychological Association. Available at: https://studentsuccess.unc.edu/files/2015/08/The-Road-to-Resiliency.pdf Accessed August 25, 2020.
• Kobau R, Seligman MEP, Peterson C, et al. Mental health promotion in public health: Perspectives and strategies from positive psychology. Am J Public Health 2011: 101(8);1-9.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stress and Coping. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/coping.html Accessed August 25, 2020.
• World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). February, 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-COVID-19-final-report.pdf Accessed April 5,2020.
• Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, et al. COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet 2020;395(10229),:1015-1018.
• World Health Organization. Releases Guidelines To Help Countries Maintain Essential Health Services During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-03-2020-who-releases-guidelines-to-help-countries-maintain-essential-health-services-during-the-COVID-19-pandemic Accessed April 15,2020.